Today's

Domain 530/thn

2009-12-21T10:40:00.004+07:00

Bagi Kamu!!! yang pengen Exist dalam dunia Internet...
Sekaranglah saatnya buat web kamu, percantik dan update informasi lewat web!!!

cari uang juga bisa lewat web!!!

coba ya????

1 tahun cuma 530rb!!!!

contoh www.febrianagung.com

I Miss You

2009-11-28T11:00:00.009+07:00

I miss you
I miss your smile
your love
your tenderly
your face
And everything about her

Time gone so fast
When I hold your hand
It just an illusion
Can not be real
I need you to beside me
Living by my side

I try to stand alone
But I can't
Body and soul too weak
I can't feel my pain
It just in vain
I need a shoulder
your shoulder

When I try to cry
My eyes feels sore
I can feel it
I just feel it
Nothing but you who can fix me
I miss you
I miss you

Nothing but you

I need you

Kamera CCTV Mini-Type Low Cost [Alnect Computer]

2009-07-25T16:00:00.009+07:00

Product Knowledge

Siapa bilang CCTV mahal???
inilah solusi bagi peminat CCTV murah, Kamera CCTV Mini-Type Low Cost. CCTV biasanya digunakan untuk mengantisipasi terjadinya tindak kejahatan di suatu tempat seperti misalnya di rumah sakit, sekolah, atau di kantor. Tempat tersebut harus memiliki CCTV, CCTV sangat beraneka ragam di pasaran, dari harga sangat mahal, menengah hingga murah. tentu jika anda ingin kualitas yang baik, anda harus merogoh kocek dalam-dalam. Namun jika anda hanya memiliki budget yang tidak terlalu banyak. Anda bisa mencoba Kamera CCTV Mini-Type Low Cost. Bentuknya yang mungil memudahkan CCTV ini agar tidak terlihat dan tersembunyi maka pelaku kejahatan tidak akan menyadari bahwa dirinya sedang diintai.

No. Product : 540124
Shiping Weight : 1 Kg
Price : Rp. 185.000

kelebihan produk ini adalah :
* Harga Terjangkau
* Bentuknya mungil
* Hemat penggunaan daya

Kekurangan :
* Fitur kurang lengkap
* Tidak dapat digerakan sesuka hati

Jadi jika anda ingin CCTV yang berharga murah namun juga bisa diandalkan inilah solusinya.

Ini adalah link untuk memesan barang tersebut Alnect Computer.

Senyum Sejenak

2009-04-04T15:13:00.005+07:00

Tidak Boleh Membuka Windows

Seorang karyawan baru PT. ApaAjaDah yang bernama Maya bingung ketika disuruh atasannya membuka program komputer, Microsoft Excel. Mungkin karena si cewek yang memiliki kulit putih, hidung mancung, dan rambut panjang terurai ini gaptek atau karena sebab lain.

Maya semakin bingung. Bukannya membuka Microsoft Excel, sebaliknya dia malah membuka DOS. Atasannya pun meneriaki Maya. “Hey! Saya minta kamu buka Excel kenapa malah buka DOS?”. Suaranya menggelegar memenuhi ruangan kantor itu. Para karyawan lain pun ikut kaget dan tertunduk tak berani menatap muka si killer (julukan si bos). Tapi si cantik Maya malah tampak tenang, dan tidak ada rasa takut sedikit pun. Dengan enteng dia menjawab. “Begini pak, saya ini enggak mau melanggar aturan.” Jawabnya. Sekarang si bos yang kebingungan, dan bertanya. “Peraturan apa?”

Sambil menunjuk dinding, Maya membacanya “This room is equipped with air conditioner, please don’t open windows… Windows aja enggak boleh dibuka pak apalagi Excel!”

Suami Market

Sebuah toko unik menjual calon suami baru aja dibuka di Jakarta sekitar 1 bulan yang lalu, tempat di mana wanita bisa memilih dan membeli suami sesuai selera masing-masing. Jikalau telah sampai di toko itu, kita harus mengikuti semua peraturan yang telah ditetapkan.

Tertulis di depan toko: “ANDA HANYA DAPAT MENGUNJUNGI TOKO INI SATU KALI SAJA!” Toko ini terdiri atas 6 lantai. Semakin ke atas semakin mahal harga lelakinya. Anda bisa memilih lelaki di lantai tertentu tetapi tidak bisa turun ke lantai sebelumnya lagi.

Seorang wanita pergi ke toko itu untuk mencari suami yang tepat. Setelah membayar uang masuk toko itu dengan cukup mahal, dia mulai memasuki lantai 1. Di lantai 1 terdapat tulisan: “Lelaki di lantai ini memiliki pekerjaan dan taat pada Tuhan.” Karena ingin suami yang lebih baik, kemudian ia memilih untuk naik ke lantai 2. Di lantai 2 terdapat tulisan: ”Lelaki di lantai ini memiliki pekerjaan, taat pada tuhan dan senang anak kecil.”

Ternyata si cewe nggak puas juga, lalu naik ke lantai 3. di lantai 3 terdapat tulisan: “Lelaki di lantai ini memiliki pekerjaan, taat pada Tuhan, senang anak kecil dan cakep.” ”Wow!” pikir wanita itu, tapi dia masih penasaran dan ingin terus naik. Lalu, sampailah di lantai 4 dan terdapat tulisan: “Lelaki di lantai ini memiliki pekerjaan, taat sama Tuhan, suka anak kecil, cakep banget dan suka membantu pekerjaan rumah.”

Si wanita penasaran dan terus melanjutkan ke lantai 5 dan tertulis: “Lelaki di lantai ini memiliki pekerjaan, taat pada Tuhan, senang anak kecil, cakep banget, suka membantu pekerjaan rumah, dan memiliki sifat romantis.”

Eee.. wanita ini mulai tergoda untuk berhenti di lantai 5, tapi kemudian dia melangkahkan kakinya ke lantai 6 dan di lantai ini tertulis: “ Anda adalah pengunjung yang ke 4.324.323. Tidak ada lelaki di lantai ini, lantai ini hanyalah semata-mata untuk wanita yang tak pernah puas seperti anda! Terima kasih telah datang di Toko Suami. Hati-hati ketika melangkah keluar dari toko dan semoga hari ini adalah hari yang indah buat anda…”

Kisah yg tragis !!!

Kisah ini terjadi di suatu pagi yang cerah, yaa.. mungkin tidak begitu cerah untuk seorang ayah yang kebetulan memeriksa kamar putrinya...

Dia mendapati kamar itu sudah rapi, dengan selembar amplop bertuliskan untuk ayah di atas kasurnya.. perlahan dia mulai membuka surat itu...

Ayah tercinta,
Aku menulis surat ini dengan perasaan sedih dan sangat menyesal. Saat ayah membaca surat ini, aku telah pergi
meninggalkan rumah. Aku pergi bersama kekasihku, dia cowok yang baik, setelah bertemu dia.. ayah juga pasti akan setuju meski dengan tatto2 dan piercing yang melekat di tubuhnya, juga dengan motor bututnya serta rambut gondrongnya. Dia sudah cukup dewasa meskipun belum begitu tua (aku pikir jaman sekarang 42 tahun tidaklah terlalu tua). Dia sangat baik terhadapku, lebih lagi dia ayah dari anak di kandunganku saat ini. Dia memintaku untuk membiarkan anak ini lahir dan kita akan membesarkannya bersama.

Kami akan tinggal berpindah-pindah, dia punya bisnis perdagangan extacy yang sangat luas, dia juga telah meyakinkanku bahwa marijuana itu tidak begitu buruk. Kami akan tinggal bersama sampai maut memisahkan kami. Para ahli pengobatan pasti akan menemukan obat untuk AIDS jadi dia bisa segera sembuh. Aku tahu dia juga punya cewek lain tapi aku percaya dia akan setia padaku dengan cara yang berbeda.

Ayah.. jangan khawatirkan keadaanku. Aku sudah 15 tahun sekarang, aku bisa menjaga diriku. Salam sayang untuk kalian semua. Oh iya, berikan bonekaku untuk adik, dia sangat menginginkannya.

............... Masih dengan perasaan terguncang dan tangan gemetaran, sang ayah membaca lembar kedua surat dari putri tercintanya itu...

PS :
Ayah... tidak ada satupun dari yang aku tulis di atas itu benar, aku hanya ingin menunjukkan ada ribuan hal yg lebih mengerikan daripada nilai raportku yg buruk. Kalau ayah sudah menandatangani raportku di atas meja, panggil aku ya... Aku tidak kemana2 saat ini aku ada di tetangga sebelah….

JaKarta - BandunG..

Dalam perjalanan kereta Parahyangan dari Gambir ke Bandung, duduk berhadapan 4
orang penumpang :
* Satu nenek
* Satu mahasiswi cantik
* Satu mahasiswa
* Satu tentara

Perjalanan nyaman2 saja, ketika masuk ke terowongan tiba2 lampu mendadak mati pula. Gelap gulita. Tiba-tiba terdengar suara kecupan yang keras... "Cap, cip, cup!" Namun segera diikuti satu suara tamparan yang tidak kalah kerasnya... "Plak, Plek, Plak, Gedubrak!!!"

Ketika terowongan itu akhirnya terlewati, keempat penumpang itu saling bengong dan saling memandang, dan masing2 berkata di dalam hati.

Sang nenek dalam hati : "Dasar anak mahasiswa muda sekarang, mentang-mentang tempat gelap langsung aja cium mahasiswi cantik itu. Rasain loe kena gaplok!!!"

Si Mahasiswi cantik dalam hatinya : "Biar rasa loe!!! gelap-gelap asal cium, kena deh loe cium nenek itu, dan kena gaplokan juga lagi hihihi.."

Si tentara dalam hatinya : "Busyet dah, enak bener tuh mahasiswa. Dia yang nyium cewek cantik, eh gua yang kena gaplok huh..#$%$!!"

Si mahasiswa itu berkata dalam hati : "He.. he.. mumpung gelap, tadi gua cium aja tangan gua sendiri, dan gua gaplok sekalian itu tentara belagu. Kapan lagi mahasiswa bisa gampar tentara...!!!"

E-Mail Nyasar

Seorang pria sedang berlibur ke Bali. Istrinya sedang dalam perjalanan bisnis ke Jakarta dan berencana untuk bergabung pada keesokan harinya.

Ketika sampai di hotel, pria itu memutuskan untuk mengirimkan e-mail ke istrinya. Karena tidak berhasil menemukan kertas memo dimana dia mencatat alamat e-mail istrinya tersebut, maka dia mencoba untuk sebisa-bisanya mengirimkan e-mail ke istrinya.

Sialnya, dia melupakan satu huruf dan e-mail tersebut melesat langsung menuju ke seorang wanita yang suaminya baru saja meninggal satu hari sebelumnya.

Saat wanita yang sedang berduka itu membaca e-mail tersebut, ia berteriak dengan hebat lalu jatuh ke lantai dan meninggal seketika.

Keluarganya segera berlari ke dalam ruangannya dan melihat isi surat di layar komputer :

================================================== ====
Istriku tercinta,
Aku baru saja sampai. Segala sesuatu telah disiapkan untuk kedatanganmu besok.

Ketika Tuhan Menciptakan Indonesia……

Suatu hari Tuhan tersenyum puas melihat sebuah planet yang baru saja
diciptakan-Nya. Malaikat pun bertanya, "Apa yang baru saja Engkau ciptakan, Tuhan?"

"Lihatlah, Aku baru saja menciptakan sebuah planet biru yang bernama Bumi,"
kata Tuhan sambil menambahkan beberapa awan di atas daerah hutan hujan
Amazon.

Tuhan melanjutkan, "Ini akan menjadi planet yang luar biasa dari yang
pernah Aku ciptakan. Di planet baru ini, segalanya akan terjadi secara seimbang".

Lalu Tuhan menjelaskan kepada malaikat tentang Benua Eropa. Di Eropa sebelah utara, Tuhan menciptakan tanah yang penuh peluang dan menyenangkan seperti Inggris, Skotlandia dan Perancis. Tetapi di daerah itu, Tuhan juga menciptakan hawa dingin yang menusuk tulang.

Di Eropa bagian selatan, Tuhan menciptakan masyarakat yang agak miskin,
seperti Spanyol dan Partugal, tetapi banyak sinar matahari dan hangat serta
pemandangan eksotis di Selat Gibraltar.

Lalu malaikat menunjuk sebuah kepulauan sambil berseru, "Lalu daerah apakah itu Tuhan?" "Ooo, itu," kata Tuhan, "itu Indonesia. Negara yang sangat kaya dan sangat cantik di planet bumi. Ada jutaan flora dan fauna yang telah Aku ciptakan di sana . Ada jutaan ikan segar di laut yang siap panen. Banyak sinar matahari dan hujan. Penduduknya Ku ciptakan ramah tamah, suka menolong dan berkebudayaan yang beraneka warna. Mereka pekerja keras, siap hidup sederhana dan bersahaja serta mencintai seni."

Dengan terheran-heran, malaikat pun protes, "Lho, katanya tadi setiap negara akan diciptakan dengan keseimbangan. Kok Indonesia baik-baik semua. Lalu dimana letak keseimbangannya?"

Tuhan pun menjawab dalam bahasa Inggris, "Wait, until you see the idiots I put in the government."

Find The Truth 2012

2009-04-04T14:45:00.007+07:00

2012 : Emergency or Emerge-&-See?

2012 : Shift Happens...

The world is abuzz with talk of the year 2012; however, not everyone is looking forward to that year with the same outlook or expectations. For some, 2012 hints ominously at disastrous 'end times', a period in which the world will be thrown into utter chaos, with violent upheavals of both natural and man-made origin, possibly leading to the extinction of life as we know it. More optimistic people anticipate a moment of awakening, marked by a global transformation of consciousness, and perhaps even 'the return of the Christ consciousness', and so they are looking forward to 2012 as a time of joy and celebration. Carol-ann Jamison looks at this fast-approaching date and explores further.

(Article Courtesy of Odyssey Magazine : 2009)

Official2012Countdown.com

Cultures from all around the world for many thousands of years have pointed to this current era we live in as a time of unprecedented change for the Earth and all of humanity. Both the Judeo-Christian and Islamic end time scenarios, which are based upon Western fundamentalist interpretations of Abrahamic thought, foresee a time of literal cleansing. In these traditions, the Earth will suffer through the coming of the Four Horsemen bearing 'gifts' of war, famine, plague and death – with the ultimate judgment day not too far behind.

For Christians, who refer to the Book of Revelation from the Bible and awaiting rapture, or Shiites counting the days until the 12th Imam appears, almost everything that is happening in our world today is pointing to the imminent end times. Judging by the sheer number of predicted end dates that have come and gone without the trumpets blowing and angels rushing in, the people leaning towards apocalyptic scenarios seem to be impatient to see our world 'redeemed' through catastrophe. So far, they have been wrong – and they could be in for yet another anticlimactic 'doomsday' when the world as we know it is supposedly set to end, but doesn't. However things are a little different with 2012 than with any other apocalypse prediction we have seen previously. For one thing, the year 2012 being marked as some sort of major turning-point in human history is a global phenomenon, rather than a cultural one. But before we get there and see what various cultures and traditions have to say about these times, let's take a quick look at previously predicted 'end times' which just turned out to be yet another day under the sun.

END TIMES:

To mention a few examples: Christians in Europe attacked pagan territories in the north to prepare for the end of the world at the turn of the first millennium; the Shakers believed the world would end in 1792; there was the 'Great Disappointment' among followers of the Baptist preacher William Miller when Jesus did not return to upstate New York on October 22, 1844. The Jehovah's Witnesses have been especially prodigious with prophetic end times, with dates in 1914, 1915, 1918, 1920, 1925, 1941, 1975 and 1994 all at one time having been offered by them for the end of the world.

Because of their nature, offering a certain and redemptive 'way out' of the world and its problems, virtually any religious movement with an end-time prophecy is likely to attract some followers, no matter how maniacal or fringy the underlying philosophy or theology may be. For those who want to go online and get the latest tally of 'bad/good news', there is a nuclear Doomsday Clock and the Rapture Index. If you remember living through Y2K – that was another millenarian moment, except that it had more to do with computer code than some universal final moment.

Mention the word apocalypse and most people think of end times of Biblical proportions and of doomsday scenarios that are the current favoured subject of some 2012 prophecy interpreters. However, the word apocalypse finds its roots in the Greek work 'apokalypsis' which is a verb meaning 'to lift the veil' or to reveal something. Though some people may see this as a cataclysmic change of the material realm, others perceive the apocalypse simply to mean a metaphysical change or a paradigm shift of consciousness – meaning, in their terms, that the year 2012 is the end of a cycle/age, not the end of the human race. This wider meaning is supported by other cultural traditions which also see 2012, or thereabouts, as the end of some specific great cycle or era, and the beginning of a new one.

Among the best examples of this is the Hindu notion of yugas or ages that mark a cyclical pattern of both external and internal creation and destruction. This ongoing cycle, or kalpa, also has an end date when, according to Hindu belief, the final avatar (saviour-like being) will incarnate as Kali (Hindu god of creation and destruction) and bring about the destruction of all wicked people. Many see this current time, termed the Kali Yuga in the Hindu system, as the end of an era of the time of man and the coming 'yuga' as a golden age of many 'Enlightened Ones'.

This leads us to other prophecies and hypotheses, including Terence McKenna's numerological novelty theory, suggesting a point of singularity in which humankind will go through a great shift in consciousness, and Daniel Pinchbeck's book, '2012 : The Year of the Mayan Prophecy', which discusses theories of a possible global awakening to a psychic connection by the year 2012.

Beyond modern theories, one may go back in time to discover that most of the oldest creation stories and mythologies from around the world tell of a cosmic cycle punctuated by a big ending of one era and a new beginning of peace, harmony and enlightenment. In every one, the time in which these two eras merge – that is, right now – is marked by enormous upheaval.

The indigenous people – those who live in respectful relationship with Mother Earth, understanding our inherent 'sacred nature' and connectedness to the harmony and greater movements of the universe – share wisdom that goes across cultures and which is deemed by some to be far truer and more precious than anything modern science or religion could ever teach. This is because these people carry within them teachings and human experience which are vastly older than our Western technologically-based society's memories, and which include previous end-time era changes.

The wisdom of these indigenous cultures tell us it is time to listen. We are in the time of what some Amerindian people call the birthing of 'the rainbow generation', the 5th world of peace, described as a time of paradox of great purification and great possibility. The Hopi's call this the time before the great change Koyanasquatsi, meaning life out of balance. The Incas call this the Pachacutti, when the world will be turned upside down. Whatever the name they give it, many Native Americans see 2012 as the dawning of the new era. It is considered by anthropological experts that it is no co-incidence that December 2012 also marks the end of a long cycle in the Mayan Calendar.

So it seems that the ancient 'wise ones' foretold of this change, and the signs that precede it. Some observers believe they left us a simple road map to follow and that doing so reduces the chaos of the process. Following them, it is thought, we can understand what is happening around us and use this knowledge to make the transition easier on ourselves. Let's take a look in a little more detail at what these various traditions have to say about the difficult days that herald the 'end of an epoch'.

THE HOPI:

According to Frank Waters' 'Book of the Hopi', the Native American Hopi people say that we are in the fourth of seven eras – the Fourth World – and that we are approaching the transition to the Fifth World. The First World ended by fire; the Second ended when the Earth 'teetered off balance', causing floods and an ice age; and the Third ended in a flood (at a time co-inciding roughly with that of the Mesopotamian, Judeo-Christian and other inundation mythologies). There will be, say the Hopi, a 'Great Purification' just before the start of the Fifth World as our Fourth World comes to its end.

Hopi Elders have passed these warnings and prophecies from generation to generation through oral traditions and reference to ancient rock pictographs and tablets. Their ancient prophecy states, 'When the Blue Star Kachina (Sirius) makes its appearance in the heavens, the Fifth World will emerge. This will be the Day of Purification. It will come when the Saquasohuh (Blue Star) Kachina dances in the plaza and removes his mask.'

For them, this will be the alarm clock that tells humanity of the new day and new way of life, that a new world is coming and this is the point where the changes will begin in earnest.

As one Hopi elder has said: 'Those who return to the ways given to us in the original teachings, and live a natural way of life will not be touched by the coming of the Purifier. They will survive and build the new world. Only in the ancient teachings will the ability to understand the messages be found.' For them, this is only a doom and gloom story if we choose to experience it as such, since everything in Hopi philosophy is based on choice.

Others pointing to this period of changing times, like the Dogon of West Africa, say that the 'original visitors' will return in a spaceship that has the form of a blue star. The Cherokee's ancient calendar ends in 2012, just like the Mayan. In Egypt, the stone calendar of the Great Pyramid also indicates that the present time cycle ends in 2012, according to some interpretations of its time scales. The Incas refer to this time as the 'Age of Meeting Ourselves Again', while the Maoris say that the veils will dissolve and there will be a merging of the physical and spiritual worlds.

Moses Shongo, the last of the traditional Seneca medicine men, died in 1925 and prepared his granddaughter, Twylah Nitsch, to carry on his teachings. These teachings included a prophecy that there would be, 'a 25-year period of purification lasting until the year 2012 or so, during which the Earth will purge itself'. Another Native American, a Pueblo Indian from Northern New Mexico, called Speaking Wind, has recently confirmed that the Fifth World will start in December 2012. However, Willaru Huayta, a Peruvian spiritual messenger from the Quechua nation, says that in 2013, a 'huge magnetic asteroid' will pass close to Earth, and only those who have conquered their egos will survive. This more catastrophic version is echoed by local Zulu shaman, Vusamazulu Credo Mutwa, who says that in the year of the red bull (2012), a 'star with a very long tail' called Mu-sho-sho-no-no will return. The last time it came, it brought a deluge and turned the World upside-down, so that 'the Sun rose in the south and set in the north', he adds.

And lastly, Hopi Elders have noticed the striking similarities between their sacred symbols and the Crop Circle glyphs appearing in the fields in England - indicating to them, the 'Signs' heralding our entrance into the Fifth World.

2012 GOES MAINSTREAM:

The year 2012 first entered mainstream public consciousness over two decades ago with the Harmonic Convergence organised by José Argüelles. Argüelles is also one of the originators of the Earth Day concept and is recognised as the 'father of the Whole Earth Festival', now in its 33rd year at Davis, California.

Holding a PhD in art history and aesthetics from the University of Chicago, Argüelles' career as an educator has included professorships at Princeton University, University of California Davis, the Evergreen State College, Olympia Washington, the Naropa Institute, San Francisco State University, the University of Colorado and the Union Graduate School. He is considered by his academic peers as a world expert in his field.

It is his pioneering research of the Mayan calendar system that has absorbed his energies most passionately. Ever since he had a visionary experience at the age of 14 atop the Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacan, Mexico in 1953, he has pursued a lifelong investigation of the mathematics and prophecies associated with the Mayan calendar.

An artist, as well as an author, his numerous books include the international best seller 'The Mayan Factor' which is based on his 33 years of research and study, 'Earth Ascending', 'Surfers of the Zuvuya', 'The Arcturus Probe' and the most recent book, 'Time and the Technosphere: The Law of Time in Human Affairs'. Prior to all these books, he wrote 'The Transformative Vision', whose historical scheme was based on the prophecy of the 'Thirteen Heavens and Nine Hells' which ended with the Harmonic Convergence in 1987. This information was passed onto him in 1970 by Tony Shearer who had also written a book called Lord of the Dawn: Quetzalcoatl and the Tree of Life. Both these men shared a passion for this era of time.

WHAT IS THE HARMONIC CONVERGENCE?

Argüelles promoted the Harmonic Convergence as an earth-changing event requiring 144000 participants – the number echoed Mayan mathematics and the Book of Revelation – to free the planet from the dissonant influence of Western science and synchronise with the 'wave harmonic of history' set to culminate in 2012.

This world-wide event took place on August 16 and August 17, 1987, and was centred on a number of 'sacred' places throughout the world, from Stonehenge in the UK, Sedona in Arizona, the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco to Dunn Meadow in Bloomington in Indiana, to mention but a few where thousands of people from all walks of life gathered together to usher in a new era. Events began on August 15, culminating with the convergence itself on the 16th of August. Participants engaged in collective prayer, song, meditation, dance, and rituals.

The Harmonic Convergence was a global awakening to love and unity through divine transformation and divine channelling of sacred information. According to Argüelles' interpretation of Maya cosmology, the selected date marked the end of 22 cycles of 52 years each, or 1144 years in all. The 22 cycles were divided into 13 'heaven' cycles, which began in 843CE and ended in 1519, when the nine 'hell' cycles began, ending 468 years later in 1987.

This event came at the end of these 'hell' cycles and the beginning, in Argüelles' understanding of the Mayan system, of a 'new age' of universal peace. The idea of a 'new age' is in no small measure a result of Argüelles' work and writings. Adherents believed that signs indicated a 'major energy shift' was about to occur, a turning point in Earth's collective 'karma and dharma' (fate), and that this energy was powerful enough to change the global perspective of man from one of conflict to one of co-operation.

According to Argüelles and others, the Harmonic Convergence also began the final 26-year countdown to the end of the Mayan Long Count in 2012, which would be the 'end of known history' and the beginning of a new 5125-year cycle. All the evils of the modern world – war, materialism, violence, injustice, governmental abuse of power, etc – would end, they said, with the birth of the 6th Sun and the 5th Earth on December 21, 2012.

WHO ARE THE MAYA?

The Olmecs, the first known and named major civilisation inhabiting Mesoamerica, are said by mainstream archaeologists to have arrived there between 1800BCE and 1500BCE. Several Maya scholars now agree that the calendars used by the Maya were developed by the Olmecs in a town called Izapa, which became populated between 1500BCE and 800BCE, and which the Maya inhabited from about 250BCE. The Maya reached remarkable intellectual and artistic heights during the classic period of their great civilisation. They built huge temples and pyramid complexes, inscribed stone monuments, made major advances in mathematics and astronomy, and developed complex hieroglyphic scripts. But their great civilisation underwent a mysterious collapse that would leave their mighty temples and pyramids abandoned. There are many theories for this abandonment, which is a topic for discussion in a future post.

The ruins in Central America that we see today are but a fraction of what the Mayans created and it is believed the jungles of that region still hold many of their secrets intact. One of the most impressive ruins is Tikal, in the Guatemalan rain forest, which thrived as an urban centre at the height of Mayan civilisation. It is a sprawling former metropolis of pyramids, palaces, residences, ball-courts and scores of engraved monumental stones, or stelae, decorated with intricate, otherworldly images and hieroglyphs.

A common misconception is that all the 'Maya disappeared' when their cities emptied. However there are six million Maya currently living all over the states of Central America and, even more importantly, there are many today who are still following the same day count calendar as their distant ancestors.

That is not to say all of them do, because the Spanish conquered that part of the world in the early 16th century and many of the traditions, art and writings were burned and destroyed by Catholic priests. Much knowledge was lost. Maya priests were forced into hiding, often deep in the jungle. They could only practice their culture in the most remote areas of Central America. Those who were caught were murdered. This practice continued up to the late 1980s. The Maya knew this was going to happen – it was written in their prophecy over 2000 years earlier. It is interesting to note that the Maya fought long and hard against the Spanish and later the Mexicans to keep their customs, calendars and traditions alive almost up to current day and now their knowledge is the central theme in the global 2012 debate.

THE MAYAN CALENDARS:

The Maya understood around 17 different calendars based on the various rhythms of the Cosmos. Some of these calendars look back as far as 10 million years and are so difficult that you need the combined efforts of an astronomer, astrologer, geologist, and a mathematician just to work out the calculations. They also made tables predicting eclipses and the orbit of the planet Venus and other heavenly bodies.

The Mayan calendars are designed around many cycles and that is why there are so many of them; between them they account for the many overlapping subtle energies that are meant, in the Mayan understanding, to keep things in a state of dynamically changing balance. But taking the Mayan calendars literally, one-by-one, is as dangerous as self-serving fundamentalists taking selective teachings from their scripture literally. One must be able to understand all the cycles and their overlapping implications, and piece them together as you would a puzzle, to interpret the whole message. Both the geometry and hidden intent are sacred and important to interpreting and predicting the events of the past, present and future.

Briefly, the calendars that are most important to 'ordinary' people are the Haab, the Tun and the Tzolkin. The Tzolkin is the most important of all, and the one with the most influence.

The Haab is based in the cycles of earth. It has 360 + 5 days, totalling 365 days. It uses 18 months with 20 days in each month. There is a 19th month called a Uayeb and uses the 5 extra days, and to the Maya this month of five days was considered to be a dangerous time. Each month has its own name/glyph and each day uses a sacred sun-glyph.

The Tun is the moon calendar. It uses 28-day cycles that mirror the feminine moon cycle. This cycle of the moon is broken down into four smaller cycles, of seven days each. These smaller cycles are the four phases of moon cycle.

The Tzolkin is the sacred calendar of the Maya and is based on the cycles of the Pleiadies. The cycle of the Pleiadies uses 26000 years, but is reflected in the calendar by encompassing a 260-day system based around the period of human gestation, according to the still-surviving descendents of the Maya who live in the highlands of Guatemala. It uses the sacred numbers 13 and 20. The 13 represents the primary numbers and 20 represents the sun-glyphs used in this particular calendar. It was and still is used to determine character traits and time harmonics.

The Tzolkin calendar was meshed with the 365-day Haab calendar. It took 52 years for the Tzolkin and Haab calendars to move through a complete combined cycle and was called a calendar round.

The Maya measured long time periods by means of a 'Long Count', in which one 360-day year (a tun) consists of eighteen 20-day months (uinals). Twenty of these tuns add up to a katun and 20 katuns make a baktun. Still using their sacred numbers 13 and 20, 13 baktuns add up to 1872000 days (5200 tuns, or about 5125 years).

1 kin = 1 day

1 uinal = 20 kins = 20 days

1 tun = 18 uinals = 360 days

1 katun = 20 tuns = 7 200 days

1 baktun = 20 katuns = 144000 days

13 baktuns = 1 Great Cycle = 1872000 days

Archaeologists and many researchers claim that the Maya began counting time as of year 3114BCE (known as day 0.0.0.0.0. The start of this 13-baktun cycle on the 11th August 3114 BCE, and the end date of this cycle (known as 13.0.0.0.0) is on 21st December, 2012CE.

Argüelles was probably the first to point out (in his book 'The Mayan Factor') that since the Tzolkin is composed of 260 kin, or days, and the 13-baktun cycle is composed of 260 katuns, the 13-baktun cycle is thus a harmonic of the Tzolkin, being exactly 7200 times larger. This means that the 13 x 20 Tzolkin layout can be used to map history, as if it is measuring not individual gestation, but species gestation, and five of the 13-baktun cycles add to exactly 26000 tun; the 'grand year' or precession of the equinoxes, a yet higher harmonic of 260 (referring back to a 13 x 20 multiple).

PRECESSION OF THE EQUINOXES & GALACTIC ALIGNMENT:

Maya scholar John Major Jenkins is an independent researcher who has devoted himself to reconstructing ancient Mayan cosmology and philosophy. He has authored dozens of articles and many books including, 'Galactic Alignment : The Transformation of Consciousness', 'Maya Cosmogenesis 2012' and 'Tzolkin: Visionary Perspectives and Calendar Studies'. He has made a strong case that the Long Count calendar of the Maya was actually a device for tracking the cycle of precession of the equinoxes. This is the 26000 year cycle in which the Earth's axis, which is 23.5° off vertical, rotates in a circle, and is measured by the movement of constellations against the fixed positions of the rising equinox or solstice sun. In his book 'Maya Cosmogenesis 2012', he shows that the 13-baktun cycle is a 5th and final cycle in the 26000-year precession of the equinoxes, and on December 21st 2012, the solstice sun will align with the Dark Rift in the Milky Way, which the Maya called the Mount of the Crocodile, the 'crocodile tree' being the Milky Way itself.

So to summarise, in 2012 the plane of our solar system will line up exactly with the plane of our galaxy, the Milky Way. This cycle has taken 26000 years to complete – truly a cosmic event.

According to Jenkins, this galactic alignment stimulates consciousness evolution on this planet, whether or not beings alive during the alignment era are aware of it happening. However, it is likely that this is the first time that humans as a whole are consciously aware of it and could, in his view, therefore take the opportunity of a leap in individual and collective consciousness provided by this event.

The Mayans themselves have suggested that their 2012 end date is really nothing more than the finishing point of a particular age or 'underworld' – the one we are living in right now, the Galactic Underworld, and the entry point to the Universal Underworld of both conscious evolution and revolution, which is to follow. There is nothing in Mayan tradition, lore or belief that envisages a scenario in which we will all die and the planet will cease to exist. Rather, the idea is one of amazing and collective rebirth. A period of newfound cosmic awareness, an era in which humanity expands their collective conscious awareness. In fact, the Maya called the last day of the Great Cycle, Creation Day.

CALENDAR WARS:

It needs to be mentioned that calendar wars have existed since the dawn of ages, including in the time of the early Egyptians, and continues today between the Maya themselves, religious scholars and Western mathematicians and cosmologists. In Egyptian oral tradition, the sage-god Thoth was banished from Egypt because he was insistent on using a calendar aligned with the star system Sirius, while the other gods wanted to use calendars that aligned with their own respective star systems and power bases.

A calendar plays a significant role in the life of a society. Usually it tells people what events to commemorate and celebrate and what they are supposed to consider as being part of their tradition. So, today the Gregorian calendar implicitly places a great role on Jesus, while the Muslim calendar places its emphasis on Muhammad. Whichever calendar was established as the primary calendar during the various eras and cultures provided that particular god or institution with the ultimate power to control the masses.

Expanding on that, the Gregorian calendar, according to Carl Johan Calleman and many others, conveys a certain world-view based on the very way that it is structured. It conditions people to a view of creation that is not going anywhere and so has no higher purpose. In the same sense as this calendar is based on the mechanical year of the planet, and endless revolutions of Earth around the sun, life with this calendar comes to be perceived as an endless merry-go-round and people view their lives and purpose in a similar way. As a consequence, human beings would not have any responsibility to live according to some unfolding divine plan, of which the planet, its movements and the heavenly bodies were also crucial parts, and so eventually even the planet itself may be regarded just as dead matter to be exploited. Viewed from this perspective, a whole subconscious world-view is actually linked to the particular calendar we use and the effects of this are partly overt (such as through the celebration of Christian or national holidays) and partly insidious (such as in promoting a mechanical world-view where life has no higher purpose).

Calleman, author of 'The Mayan Code: Time Acceleration and Awakening the World Mind', 'The Mayan Calendar and the Transformation of Consciousness', and 'Solving the Greatest Mystery of Our Time: The Mayan Calendar', is a former cancer researcher from Sweden whose calculations have led him to a controversial end date of his own devising: October 28, 2011 – that's nearly 14 months sooner than most people think is the end of the Mayan calendar.

Calleman's view is that the Mayan Calendar provides an exact schedule for the 'Cosmic Plan' and the unfolding of all things that come into existence. He goes on to say that there is now ample empirical evidence for this, something that shines new light on the age-old questions of mankind. In his view, things do exist for a reason – and, for serious students, the Mayan calendar becomes a gateway to the worlds of consciousness which the majority of humanity has been blinded to through the use of false or delusory calendars.

Another excellent person for an in depth look into 2012 is Geoff Stray. His research into 2012 started about 25 years ago, and was first summarised in a now-rare booklet called 'Beyond 2012:A Convergence of Eschatological Information'. In September 2000 this was compiled on a website, '2012 Dire Gnosis', which was designed to gather more input from people all over the world. This has become the internet's leading database on 2012. In 2005, he published 'Beyond 2012, Catastrophe or Ecstasy: A Complete Guide to End-of-Time Predictions', bringing all the research together into what some are calling the '2012 encyclopedia'. For more information on Geoff Stray:

http://www.diagnosis2012.co.uk

IS TIME SPEEDING UP?

Time is actually speeding up (or collapsing), according to both conventional cosmologists, and to some unconventional thinkers on the subject. For thousands of years, as best we can tell, the Schumann Resonance or pulse (heartbeat) of Earth has been 7.83 cycles per second. The military have used this as a very reliable reference for various purposes. However, since 1980, this resonance has been slowly rising, and more rapidly so in recent years. It is now over 12 cycles per second. This means there is the equivalent of less than 16 hours per day instead of the old 24 hours. Another interpretation is that we, or rather 'consciousness' as we collectively represent that, has or have been down this same road seven times before over the last 14-billion or so years. According to some of the oldest calendar systems on the planet, like the Mayans, each of these 'cycles of Creation' runs 20 times faster than the last one. The same amount of 'Creation' is paced 20 times tighter. This is why time seems to be going so fast, even to people who are not even remotely 'sensitive' or 'spiritual'. It is not so much that 'time' is going faster – there are still only 24 hours in any one day-night period, each made up of the same number of seconds, minutes and hours as before – but, in terms of the inner timing of cycles, as understood by the Maya and others, it is 'Creation' itself that is accelerating.

Of all the theories, including those involving comets, rogue planets, asteroids, galactic core explosions, mega-sunspot cycles, obliquity harmonics and unusual conjunctions, that various researchers have put forward to explain 2012, there is one theory that is so well scientifically grounded that is almost universally considered valid, at least in terms of its data if not its hypothesis, by even the most conservatively-minded. Alexey Dmitriev, a Russian geologist, has analysed the increasing changes in Earth's weather and seismic phenomena, plus recent changes to the planet's geomagnetic field. He has also taken into account solar changes, and changes to the weather and magnetic fields of all the other planets in the solar system. A '10-fold increase to the layer of deflected interstellar plasma on the heliosphere boundary', he has found, indicates that the solar system is headed into an area of 'magnetised plasma', that Dmitriev says is causing these changes. So far, so good. When it comes to interpreting what this means, Dmitriev loses some of his fellow scientists. According to him, an increasing incidence of plasma balls in the atmosphere is a sign of the imminent 'transformation of Earth', involving an interaction with processes beyond the three-dimensional world. You may have already heard about this theory but phrased differently as in perhaps someone speaking or writing about the so-called 'photon-belt'. Some have proposed this as a stream of high-level energy emanating from the centre of our galaxy, much like a stream of X-rays or gamma rays might be shot out of a collapsing black hole, only the energy form is of a different kind, affecting both physical life and consciousness fields.

Regardless of whether or not you follow this Russian investigator all the way to the conclusion that he reaches, one thing is clear, ancient or modern, mythical or scientific, each concept that deals with the issue of 2012 (or thereabouts, give or take a year) speaks to its own people in symbols they will understand, and all refer to this time of our history when humanity will be faced with making fateful choices which will determine our future. Either we will become a planet of co-operative nations or a self-destructing war zone of people competing for dwindling resources.

The Mayan Calendar, The Book of Revelations, and Hopi prophecies and many others like them, some referred to in this article, apparently all contain elements of universal truth, whether or not 2012 is an actual date or a symbol for some kind of threshold which man and womankind will one day soon reach. Maybe it is not for any individual or institution to decipher these communications, for to do so only introduces interpretative beliefs from the dominant paradigm. This causes everyone to be so caught up in the semantics that we miss the big picture. In other words, maybe we should look at the overall theme and leave all the minute details out.

Many events in this current decade have made people of our world all the more aware that something is terribly wrong on this planet and a time of choice and change is upon us. Not only is our environment in danger of collapsing in on itself (and us), but humanity is in danger of annihilating itself: humans killing all other humans and every other living thing with them. The planet hangs in great imbalance on every level and, by nature, will find a way to regain that balance. Things will have to change, whether we like it or not and whether we consciously and constructively co-operate with that change or not.

Even if we were to ignore completely the Mayan Long Count Calendar, and even if we did not ascribe credence to the religious traditions that predict total human annihilation at the hands of a final battle between good and evil, there is still ample evidence that the following years will be rife with chaos, disorder and destruction.

Surprisingly, the greatest challenges that face humanity and the earth in general all seem to be preventable. With that said, the biggest mystery is why we are not doing more to prevent them now, while we still can and when it truly counts. Global climate change is creating a need for new ways of co-existing with the earth. Already, water shortages are threatening to derail peace agreements and further escalate already tense relations between nations into outright war. Even the decreasing rates of food production, coupled with over-inflated prices and a global market that favours the rich, hint at another coming disaster: the spread of famine into regions never having experienced lack of food before.

HOW TO PREPARE?

So what can we do as individuals, communities, and nations? How does one prepare for 2012? If the world is going to end for good, then obviously no preparation is needed. However, if the Mayans, indigenous people and others were right, and the ending is really more of a beginning, can we indeed prepare at all?

The green movement, focusing on building sustainability now, is a great place to start. We should be doing anything possible to make the coming changes less disruptive and damaging, whether that means conserving, recycling or raising awareness of the carbon 'footprints' we each leave – and how we can lessen those footprints. Local communities are already springing up around the concept of contained, sustainable living, with residents pitching in by growing food, sharing water resources, bartering services and even watching out for each other's children to create a new sense of connectedness and unity. Should this effort spread, we may be able to greatly diminish the potential for death, disaster and disease that our overpopulated, stressed-out and soon-to-be-tapped out planet is quickly plummeting towards.

Maybe that is what this is really all about – a shift in consciousness, internal transformation that will extend into external change. Even with increasing numbers of super-storms and earthquakes, an asteroid or two coming too close for comfort, the highest sunspot cycle activity in years, global shifts in political and economic power, and a host of other earthbound changes, we may need to concentrate on the internal work to be done first. Spiritual transformation is on the lips of many awaiting 2012. Perhaps by altering our collective consciousness, we can change not only our own lives, but our destiny as a people. As far as the 2012 date is concerned, we should not wait until the December solstice of that year to take action. Clearly all of this does not centre on one date. The time to take action is now. Many of us are afraid of what is coming, but if the ancient wisdom and modern interpretations are right, we shouldn't be. Fear constricts and binds us to the old paradigm. What we need now is the courage to face and transmute the essential energy of that fear into right action. There is a great world waiting for us to birth into being, one of love and generosity and wisdom and compassion. Wouldn't it be great to wake up on the first morning of 2013 to a better world than we ever imagined? Let the Acceleration begin!

*Note: This is a huge subject and one that is difficult to cover in just one article. There are so many thoughts and controversy around 2012. That is why we asked the question 'What If'. This article mentions a few of the various predictions, philosophies, ideas and concepts around 2012 but many have been left out due to space constraints.

Source : Odyssey Magazine

http://www.odysseymagazine.co.za

*Further Reading:

'The Mayan Calendar & The Transformation Of Consciousness' ~ By Carl Johan Calleman

'Galactic Alignment' and 'MAYA COSMOGENESIS 2012: The True Meaning of the Mayan Calendar End Date' ~ By John Major Jenkins

'The Mayan Code : Time Acceleration and Awakening the World Mind' ~ By Barbara Hand Clow

'Mystery of 2012 : What Will Happen in 2012' ~ By Gregg Braden, Peter Russell, Daniel Pinchbeck, Joanna R. Macy, Ph.D., John Major Jenkins

'MAYAN FACTOR : Path Beyond Technology' ~ By Jose Arguelles

~~~

Another (galactocentric) Point of You : OM

For other articles of mine on this, and other related topics, see:

http://mountzion144.ning.com/profiles/blogs/2012-an-amayazing-year

http://mountzion144.ning.com/profiles/blogs/crop-circles-frozen-music

http://mountzion144.ning.com/group/spacebrothers/forum/topics/paging-all-starseeds

Cell Phone Radiations

2009-03-25T08:42:00.009+07:00

Introduction

Cell phones and cancer are in the news all the time now it seems. But almost everyone uses cell phones. All over the world, tens of millions of people are pressing them against their heads for hours every day. In the U.S. it is estimated that there were at least 100 million cell phone users, as of early 2002, and that number has continued to climb.

So what's the fuss? Is cancer caused by cell phones a serious concern, or the media's panic-du-jour?

A cell phone, and a household cordless phone, use a low level form of microwave radiation to send and receive their signals. (see "How do cell phones work" here.) Microwaves, as you know, are used to cook food. As the radiation penetrates tissue it causes it to heat.

Is this a problem for us with cell phones? That is the current debate. Let's examine the positions and the known evidence, without hype or prejudice. As always, EHSO will provide citations and links to the sources of any evidence provided, so you can verify it for yourself.

Positions, pro and con:

Cell phones are dangerous:

They emit microwaves.
You hold the source of the emission against your brain
There are claims that people have had brain tumors in the exact size, shape and position as the antenna on their cell phone.

Cell phones are safe:

Cell phones use a very, very low level of radio frequency (rf) energy - too low to cause damage.
The type of energy emitted is non-ionizing - meaning it doesn't cause damage to chemical bonds or dna.
Hundreds of millions of people have been using cell phones and cordless phones for years. If there were a problem, we would have seen it by now.

Latest News:

February 2008: Tokyo Women's Medical University compared phone use in 322 brain cancer patients with 683 healthy people and found that regularly using a mobile did not significantly affect the likelihood of getting brain cancer. "Using our newly developed and more accurate techniques, we found no association between mobile phone use and cancer, providing more evidence to suggest they don't cause brain cancer," Naohito Yamaguchi, who led the research, said. His team's findings were published in the British Journal of Cancer.
December 5, 2006 - Scientists in Denmark tracked over 420,000 cell phone users over the course of 21 years in an attempt to determine if if cell phone use causes cancer. As reported in ABC News, they found the RF energy produced by the phones did not correlate to an increased incidence of the disease. From the article: 'This so-called Danish cohort "is probably the strongest study out there because of the outstanding registries they keep,' said Joshua Muscat of Pennsylvania State University, who also has studied cell phones and cancer. 'As the body of evidence accumulates, people can become more reassured that these devices are safe, but the final word is not there yet,' Muscat added."
April 2006 - the Swedish National Institute for Working Life issued a report this week, published in the International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, disputing two earlier studies that claimed cell phone use has no correlation to increased brain tumor risk. The researchers examined the cell phone usage of 905 adults who developed malignant brain tumors. They found that people with more than 2,000 hours of total talk time had 3.7 times the risk of developing brain cancer when compared with nonusers. 2,000 hours is about an hour of talk time every Monday through Friday for 10 years. The study, also found a 2 times increase for tumors specifically on the side of the head where the cell phone was generally used. But it should be noted that the study relied on the memory of the subjects for how long they used their phones, for as much as a decade ago, according to a Daily News interview with Dr. Lydia Zablotska, an epidemiologist at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health. "You're interviewing subjects in an era when everyone has a suspicion that cell phones may be harmful," Zablotska said of the study's shortcomings.
January 2006 - A four-year long British study performed by the London-based Institute of Cancer Research and three British universities found that talking on a cell phone had no effect on tumor rates. The researchers included 966 people with glioma brain tumors and 1,716 healthy respondents. Individuals were questioned on first use, lifetime years of use, cumulative hours of use, and number of calls they made.
March 21, 2005 - Fox news and CNN News both report that on March 16, 2005, a federal appeals court in Maryland reinstated five class-action lawsuits that allege that the cell phone industry has failed to protect consumers from unsafe levels of radiation. Fox quotes a Dr. Henry Lai, a bioengineering professor at the University of Washington, as saying that electromagnetic radiation emitted from cell phones may damage DNA and cause benign brain tumors. Dr. Lai also agrees with EHSO's recommendation to use a headset to minimize potential exposure.

Studies, Facts and Evidence

What is the radiation produced by a cell phone?

Like televisions, alarm systems, computers, and all other electrical devices, Cell phones (also called mobile phones) are radio devices that use Radiofrequency (Rf) energy emit electromagnetic radiation. They operate at low power (less than 1 watt) by transmitting and receiving electromagnetic radiation in the radiofrequency (RF) end of the spectrum. Radiation which is called "ionizing" can be absorbed by tissue and break molecules apart, such as gamma rays and x-rays, are known to cause cancer. The concern is that the cell phone and it's antenna (the source of the radiation) are held close against the head)

The damage to the dna molecules is thought to be the cause. The radiation that a cell phone uses is also part of the same electromagnetic spectrum, but is not ionizing. For this reason, the US FDA can regulate these devices to ensure that the radiation doesn't pose a health hazard to users, but only once the existence of a public health hazard has been established. (See "It's Not a Food or Medical Product, So Why FDA?") , RF energy was mistakenly thought to similarly cause cancer.

Power

Newer phones are digital. The older analog phones are expected to be phased out by 2006. The major difference is that analog phones use much more power than digital. Analog use about 1.3 Watts, while a digital mobile phone is designed to operate at a maximum power level of 0.6 watts (see http://www.telecom.globalsources.com/MAGAZINE/TS/0209/PANALOG.HTM By comparison, a household microwave oven uses between 600 and 1,100 watts.

Frequency

In the United States, mobile phones operate in a frequency ranging from about 850 to 1900 megahertz (MHz). In that range, the radiation produced is in the form of non-ionizing radiofrequency (RF) energy. This RF energy is different than the ionizing radiation like that from a medical x-ray, which can present a health risk at certain doses.

Ionizing gamma rays and x-rays can cause cancer when their energy is absorbed by the tissue and chemical bonds are broken, damaging DNA. RF energy, on the other hand, produces heating of tissue. Although there is a small amount of experimental evidence that suggests RF energy can impact DNA in rats, this data has been contradicted by several other animal studies and is not well substantiated. Even if true, the doses administered in these animal studies were much larger than the exposure in humans and may have no relevance to cell phone use at all. So although the RF energy emitted by cell phones is in the electromagnetic spectrum, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation can cause cancer, RF energy is very different and has not been shown to cause cancer.

At high enough levels, RF energy, too, can be harmful, because of its ability to heat living tissue to the point of causing biological damage. In a microwave oven, it's RF energy that cooks the food, but the heat generated by cell phones is small in comparison.

A mobile phone's main source of RF energy is its antenna, so the closer the antenna is to a phone user's head, the greater the person's expected exposure to RF energy.

Because RF energy from a cell phone falls off quickly as distance increases between a person and the radiation source (actually, by the distance squared), the safety of mobile phones with an antenna mounted away from the user, like on the outside of a car, has been presumed to be safe. The distance and the effect of the car acting as a Gaussian cage would virtually eliminate the radiation inside the car. Also not presently in doubt is the safety of those so-called cordless phones that have a base unit attached to a home's telephone wiring and operate at much lower power levels than cell phones.

Many experts say that no matter how near the cell phone's antenna--even if it's right up against the skull--the six-tenths of a watt (typically) of power emitted couldn't possibly affect human health.

Scientific Studies to Date

Some mobile phone users have been diagnosed with brain cancer, and many others who have not used mobile phones have gotten the disease, too. Each year in the United States, brain cancer occurs at a rate of about six new cases per 100,000 people. Among the 100 million Americans who own mobile phones, then, about 6,000 cases of brain cancer would be expected among them in a year, even if they had not used mobile phones.

Scientific studies have focused on the question of whether the statistical risk of getting brain cancer is increased in those who use mobile phones compared to non-users, leaving to the courts the judgment of whether Chris Newman or other individuals would have gotten the disease had they not used a cell phone.

Two types of studies are generally used to investigate suspected cancer causes: epidemiological studies, which look at the incidence of a disease in certain groups of people, and animal studies.

Epidemiological studies are sometimes difficult to carry out in a way that can determine whether a cause-and-effect relationship exists between a single variable in a person's life (in this case, cell phone use) and the person's disease (brain cancer). Some factors that complicate research into the asserted link between cell phones and brain cancer: Brain cancer can take years or even decades to develop, making possible long-term effects of mobile phone use difficult to study; mobile phone technology is ever-evolving; and so many lifestyle factors--even down to the precise position in which a person holds the phone, as well as his or her own anatomy--can affect the extent of radiation exposure.

Studies in animals are easier to control, but entail complications of their own. For example, how should results obtained in rats and mice be interpreted in terms of human health risks? And how can scientists account for the fact that these studies sometimes expose animals to RF almost continuously--up to 22 hours a day--and to whole-body radiation, unlike people's head-only exposure?

While studies generally have shown no link between cell phones and brain cancer, there is some conflicting scientific evidence that may be worth additional study, according to FDA. (See "Studies"). The FDA says on their website that they are closely following ongoing research into whether there might be any association between cell phones and cancer.

A long-term study begun in 1994 by the government's National Cancer Institute is already under way to examine possible risk factors for brain cancer. It compares past usage of mobile phones (as well as other environmental, lifestyle, and genetic factors) by 800 people with brain tumors compared with 800 others who don't have tumors.

The study, the first part of which is expected to be published early next year, will provide a "snapshot" of what the risks from cell phones could be, says Peter Inskip, Sc.D., one of the study's principal investigators. But this research, he cautions, has its own limitations. For one thing, the study was started in 1994 and it considers radiation exposures from cell phones that occurred between the mid-1980s and 1998. That time frame in large part predates the explosion in the popularity of cell phones, as well as the introduction of digital phones that work on a fraction of the energy compared with older analog varieties.

Recently, FDA announced that it will collaborate with the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA) on additional laboratory and human studies of mobile phone safety. A "Cooperative Research and Development Agreement" signed in June provides for research to be conducted by third parties, with industry funding and FDA oversight to help ensure the studies' quality.

Specifically, FDA will identify the scientific questions that merit attention, propose research to address those questions, review study proposals from those interested in doing the research, make recommendations on the selection of researchers, and oversee the development of study design. Once research is begun, FDA will review the progress of ongoing studies, review the results of completed studies, and issue a report to the CTIA.

Beyond this planned research, according to the industry association, there are hundreds of scientific studies completed or in progress around the world to investigate RF's possible health effects, with half of them specifically addressing the frequencies used by wireless phones. FDA is a leading participant in the World Health Organization's International EMF (electric and magnetic fields) project to coordinate research and the harmonization of international radiation standards.

Ziff-Davis reports that researchers in Australia have reported their hypothesis that normal mobile phone use can lead to cancer. The research group, lead by radiation expert Dr Peter French, principal scientific officer at the Centre for Immunology Research at St Vincent's Hospital in Sydney, said that mobile phone frequencies well below current safety levels could stress cells in a way that has been shown to increased susceptibility to cancer.

The paper, published in the June 2001 issue of the science journal, "Differentiation", says that repeated exposure to mobile phone radiation acts as a repetitive stress, leading to continuous manufacture of heat shock proteins within cells.

Their theory is that these proteins, which are sensitive to heat, are always present in cells at a low level, but are manufactured in larger amounts when the cell is stressed by heat or other environmental factors. These proteins repair other proteins that are adversely affected by the conditions, and are part of the cell's normal reaction to stress. However, if they are produced too often or for too long, they are known to initiate cancer and increase resistance to anti-cancer drugs.

However, this group has reported absolutely evidence nor studies to substantiate this - it is only a theory.

More recently, a Finnish survey of some of the world's most popular mobile phones found the amount of radiation they emit is well below agreed limits and largely in line with data published by manufacturers. The survey conducted by Finland's Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) covered 16 new models made by top handset makers including Finland's own Nokia, Motorola of the United States and South Korea's Samsung Electronics. At this level, the study found that head tissue does not warm significantly and no other harmful effects have been proved scientifically. STUK said the SAR levels in all the 28 models tested so far ranged from 0.45 to 1.12 watts per kilogram.

"It is important that also in the future the limits set for radiation from mobile phones and base stations are based on current and confirmed scientific proof of the effects of radiation on health," Kari Jokela, a researcher at STUK, said in a statement. STUK also said that some of its studies have indicated that microwave radiation from mobile phones may cause small changes in how cells operate, but the findings were insufficient for concluding what effects of this radiation had on health. STUK will start testing third-generation UMTS-standard mobile phones during 2005, focusing on the most popular models. Other phones in the current study were made by Sony Ericsson and Siemens.

Finally, as the non-ionizing radiation does have a small heating effect, it is postulated that the effect would be greatest on the eyes and testes, due to the lower amount of blood vessels to help cool these areas.

Perceptions and Concerns

The latest studies may support the generally held position that cell phone radiation is not a substantial hazard, but they will never be able to prove cell phones to be absolutely safe. It is logically impossible to prove a negative, that cell phones can not cause cancer.

Conclusions

EHSO has seen no credible evidence to date that cell phones cause cancer or brain tumors. It is illogical to believe that evidence of unusual brain tumors is covered up when there are hundred's of millions of people using cell phones worldwide. There is a TREMENDOUS amount of junk science and thoroughly ignorant (as in untrained, uneducated) people running around naming themselves as experts and publishing their opinions on the internet. This hype and fear-mongering has only one goal: to puff up the egos and wallets of those propagating nonsense.

However, cell phones are still relatively new, and while science does not support that the radiation may not be likely to cause cancer, time may prove differently! And in any case, it may cause some other type of damage (certainly accidents in cars from being distracted while fumbling with the phone!)

So common sense suggests that we each take some prudent precautions.

Precautionary Steps To Take

There are some simple steps that cell phone users can take to reduce any remaining risk:

First, use a headset or speakerphone mode. That moves the phone (and it's antenna) away from your head.
Second, consider reserving the use of mobile phones for shorter conversations or when a conventional phone is not available.
Third, the effects of cellular damage are greatest on growing, developing organisms (i.e., the young), so limit children's use of cell phones!
Finally, in a car, use an external antenna mounted outside the vehicle to move the source of the radiation farther from you!

And don't believe the claims of conmen preying on people's fear of radiation, selling fraudulent devices that they say protect against radiation. These useless items are mostly sold as "shields" on the Internet. Experts says none of these devices work.

To reduce the risk of an accident while driving, here's a simple tip: enter the several numbers you call the most often in a way that brings them to the top of the list, so you can use fewer keystrokes to dial them. For example, the Motorola V60 starts with an alphabetized list when you press the multi-function button; so start your most commonly called number with "AAA", Like "aaaParents" and the next number with "AAB", like "aabHusband", then they will always appear at the top of the list, which should take fewer keystrokes and less time to dial!

Studies

Epidemiological and animal studies undertaken by the U.S. cell phone industry and others have yielded mixed results.

"No Link Between Cell Phone Use and Brain Tumors" - 12 Apr 2005. A new study has found no link between use of cell phones and the risk of developing a brain tumor. The study is published in the April 12 issue of Neurology, the scientific journal of the American Academy of Neurology.. The Danish study questioned 427 people with brain tumors and 822 people without brain tumors about their cell phone use. The study found no increased risk for brain tumors related to cell phone use, frequency of use, or number of years of use.
Finnish Study: February 2005: The amount of radiation most popular cell phones emit is well below agreed limits and largely in line with data published by manufacturers. The survey conducted by Finland's Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) covered 16 new models made by top handset makers including Finland's own Nokia, Motorola of the United States and South Korea's Samsung Electronics. At this level, the study found that head tissue does not warm significantly and no other harmful effects have been proved scientifically.
Video interviews with American Cancer Society, and other researchers.
Orebro, Sweden, 1999: No connection: In a study published in 1999, investigators at the Orebro Medical Centre in Sweden compared the past mobile phone use of 209 Swedish brain tumor patients and 425 healthy people. Conclusion: The study found no mobile phone/brain cancer link "in virtually all respects," cancer researcher John E. Moulder, Ph.D., says in the August 2000 issue of IEEE Spectrum, the official magazine of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Investigators did find that mobile phone users who got certain types of brain tumors tended to report using the phone on the side of the head where they developed the tumor. The study's limitations, according to Moulder, include a weak association between cell phone use and tumor development, as well as a possibility that the cancer patients' recollections were biased by already knowing on which side of their head the brain cancer developed.
Joshua Muscat, 1999: Glioma: In a yet-unpublished study presented at a 1999 scientific meeting, researcher Joshua Muscat looked for an association between mobile phone use and a type of brain cancer called glioma. Muscat did not find evidence that cell phone use increased people's risk of this type of brain cancer generally. He did, however, observe an increase in one rare kind of glioma, which FDA scientists say might have occurred by chance. Interestingly, with increased hours of mobile phone use, the risk tended to decrease rather than increase as might be expected.
A few animal studies have suggested that low levels of RF exposure could speed up development of cancer in laboratory animals. In one recent Australian study, for example, mice genetically altered to be predisposed to developing lymphoma got more than twice as many of these cancers when exposed to RF energy compared to mice not exposed to the radiation.
A large number of laboratory tests have been conducted to assess RF's effects on genetic material, looking for mutations, chromosomal changes, DNA strand breaks, and structural changes in blood cells' genetic material. One kind of test, called a micronucleus assay, showed structural changes in genetic material after exposure to simulated cell phone radiation. The changes occurred only after 24 hours of continuous exposure, which experts say raises questions about this test's sensitivity to heating effects and whether that sensitivity could be solely responsible for the results.

Technology

2009-03-19T15:33:00.003+07:00

Bad Effects of Technology:

Along with many advantages, technology also has some bad effects. One of the disadvantages of this technology is the affect on the smaller dairies. If they do not have enough money to expand, they will eventually be left in the dust in the dairy industry and be forced to quit farming. Statistics show that there are now fewer herds, but they are larger. There are even fewer cows, but with such efficient equipment there is just as much, if not more, milk. "According to USDA data, the number of dairy farm operations in the U.S. declined from 159,450 in 1993 to 97,560 in 2001." (B5) Many farms end up going bankrupt or just start to dislike milking because of their low technology systems. As mentioned by Ken Bailey, of Penn University (B5) , it is a proven study that large dairy farms are more profitable than small, family farms.
Technology has also added a qualification to milk that is accepted. You have to have the cleaner and higher quality of milk in order to even have your milk be sold. If not, your milk will be dumped and you will lose the profits for that day. Another thing that often happens is if your milk is bad and it is loaded into the truck with other dairies' milk, you will have to pay for all of the milk in that truckload.

Another major disadvantages of technology is the expense. This is the cause for most of these small farms quitting. Small, family dairies feel scared to spend that kind of money on something they might now know about. Some people don't even know what kind of technology is available. Not investing in such technology is what causes many problems to these farms. An exception to this would be having expensive equipment, but you still have low production. In this type of situation, the farm will struggle very much. "There are economic risks that result from any dairy expansion!" (B5)

As with any other piece of technology, there is always a chance that your computer can crash. If the power goes out, or some other unusual event, all of your records are lost unless you have backed them up.

Many farmers complain that good help is hard to find on a dairy farm. "Managing labor appeared to be the biggest challenge facing producers following expansion." (B7) Dairy technology produces careers as well as takes them away. Some of these careers that are taken away include:

* Need less people to manage farm
* Milkers (milking robot)
* Dairy managers (software programs)
* Nutrionists (EZ Feed)

There are many factors that affect the success of a farm. These factors include:

* Ability to manage by farmer
* Environment
* Economic conditions
* Farmer experience
* The less money put in, the less satisfied with output
* Higher pay to employees like managers
* Difficulty with expansion
* "Burn out" cows quickly

All About Kentut

2009-03-17T15:10:00.009+07:00

1. Darimana asal Kentut ?
Dari gas dalam usus. Gas dalam usus berasal dari udara yang kita telan, gas yang menerobos ke usus dari darah, gas dari reaksi kimia dan gas dari bakteri perut.

2. Apa komposisi Kentut ?
Bervariasi. Makin banyak udara anda telan, makin banyak kadar nitrogen dalam kentut (oksigen dalam udara terabsorbsi oleh tubuh sebelum sampai usus). Adanya bakteria dan reaksi kimia antara asam perut dan cairan usus menghasilkan karbondioksida. Bakteria juga menghasilkan metana dan hidrogen. Proporsi masing-masing gas tergantung apa yang anda makan, berapa banyak uidara yang tertelan, jenis bakteri dalam usus, berapa lama kita menahan kentut. Makin lama menahan kentut, makin banyak kadar nitrogen dalam kentut karena gas-gas lain terabsorbsi oleh darah melalui dinding usus. Orang yang makannya tergesa-gesa kadar oksigen dalam kentutnya lebih banyak karena tubuh tidak sempat mengabsorbsi oksigem.
3. Kenapa Kentut berbau busuk ?
Bau kentut karena kandungan hidrogen sulfida dan merkaptan. Kedua senyawa ini mengandung sulfur (belerang). Makin banyak kandungan sulfur dalam makanan anda, makin banyak sulfur dan merkaptan diproduksi oleh bakteri dalam perut dan makin busuklah kentut anda. Telur dan daging berperan besar dalam menghasilkan bau busuk kentut. Kacang-kacangan berperan dalam memproduksi volume kentut dan bukan kebusukannya.

4. Kenapa Kentut menimbulkan bunyi ?
Karena adanya vibrasi lubang anus pada saat kentut diproduksi. Kerasnya bunyi tergantung kecepatan gas.

5. Kenapa Kentut yang busuk itu hangat dan tidak bersuara ?
Salah satu sumber kentut adalah bakteri. Fermentasi bakteri dan proses pencernaan memproduksi panas, dan hasil sampingannya adalah gas busuk. Ukuran gelembung gas lebih kecil, hangat dan jenuh dengan produk metabolisme bakteri yang berbau busuk. Ini kemudian menjadi kentut, walau hanya kecil volumenya tapi SBD (Silent but Deadly).

6. Berapa banyak Kentut diproduksi dalam sehari ?
Rata-rata setengah liter sehari dalam 14 kali kentut.

7. Mengapa Kentut keluar melalui lubang dubur ?
Karena density-nya lebih ringan, mengapa gas tidak melakukan perjalanan ke atas ? Tidak demikian. Gerak peristaltik usus mendorong isinya ke arah bawah. Tekanan di sekitar anus lebih rendah. Gerak peristaltik usus menjadikan ruang menjadi bertekanan, sehingga memaksa isi usus termasuk gas-ganya untuk bergerak ke kawasan yang bertekanan lebih rendah, yaitu sekitar anus. Dalam perjalanan ke arah anus, gelembung-gelembung kecil bergabung menjadi gelembung besar. Kalau tidak ada gerak peristaltik, gelembung gas akan menerobos ke atas lagi, tapi tidak terlalu jauh karena bentuk usus yang rumit dan berbelit-belit.

8. Berapa waktu yang diperlukan Kentut untuk melakukan perjalanan ke hidung orang lain ?
Tergantung kondisi udara seperti kelembaban, suhu, kecepatan dan arah angin, berat molekul gas kentut, jarak antara transmitter dengan receiver. begiotu meninggalkan sumbernya, gas kentut menyebar dan konsenstrasinya berkurang. Kalau kentut tidak terdeteksi dalam beberapa detik berarti mengalami pengenceran di udara dan hilang ditelan udara selam-lamanya. Kecuali kalau anda kentut di tempat sempit seperti lift atau mobil, konsentrasinya lebih banyak sehingga baunya akan tinggal dalam kurun waktu lama sampai terserap oleh dinding.

9. Apakah setiap orang Kentut ?
Sudah pasti, kalau masih hidup. Sesaat setelah matipun orang masih bisa kentutJose.

10. Betulkan laki-laki kentut lebih sering daripada perempuan ?
Tidak ada hubungannya dengan gender. Kalau benar, maka perempuan menahan kentutnya dan saat kentut banyak sekali jumlah yang dikeluarkan.

11. Saat apa biasanya orang Kentut ?
Pagi hari saat di toilet, yang disebut "morning thunder". Kalau resonansinya bagus, boleh kedengaran diseluruh penjuru rumah.

12. Mengapa kacang-kacangan menyebabkan banyak kentut ?
Kacang-kacangan mengandung zat gula yang tidak bisa dicerna tubuh. Zat gula tersebut (raffinose, stachiose, verbascose) jika mencapai usus, bakteri di usus langsung berpesta pora dan menghasilkan gas. Jagung, kubis, susu juga penyebab banyak kentut (bukan baunya).

13. Selain makanan, apa saja penyebab Kentut ?
Udara yang tertelan, makan terburu-buru, makan tanpa dikunyah, minum soft drink, naik pesawat udara (karena tekanan udara lebih rendah, sehingga gas di dalam usus mengalami ekspansi, sehingga muncul sebagai kentut).

14. Apakah kentut sama dengan sendawa, tapi muncul di lain lubang ?
Tidak. Sendawa muncul dari perut, komposisi kimianya lain dengan kentut. Sendawa mengandung udara lebih banyak, kentut mengandung gas yang diproduksi oleh bakteri lebih banyak.

15. Kemana perginya kentut kalau ditahan atau tidak dikeluarkan ?
Bukan diabsorbsi darah, bukan hilang karena bocor. Kentut berimigrasi menuju ke bagian atas menuju usus dan pada gilirannya akan keluar juga. Jadi bukan lenyap, hanya mengalami penundaan.

16. Mungkinkah kentut terbakar ?
Kentut mengandung metana, hidrogen yang combustible (gas alam mengandung komponen ini juga). Kalau terbakar, nyalaannya berwarna biru karena kandungan unsur hidrogen.

17. Bisakah menyalakan korek api dengan kentut ?
Jangan mengada-ada ! Konsistensinya lain. Juga suhunya tidak cukup panas untuk memulai pembakaran.

18. Mengapa Kentut anjing dan kucing lebih busuk ?
Karena kucing dan anjing adalah karnivora. Daging kaya akan protein. Protein mengandung banyak sulfur, jadi kentut binatang ini lebih busuk. Lain dengan horbivor seperti gajah, kuda, kambing yang memproduksi banyak kentut, lebih lama, lebih keras bunyinya, tapi relatif tidak berbau.

19. Betulkah pening kepala kalau mencium bau kentut 2-3 kali berturut-turut ?
Kentut mengandung sedikit oksigen. Mungkin sedikit saja anda akan mengalami pening kepala kalau mencium bau kentut terlalu banyak.

20. Apakah warna kentut ?
Tidak berwarna. Kalau warnanya oranye seperti gas nitrogen oksida akan ketahuan siapa yang kentut.

21. Apakah kentut itu acid, basa, atau netral
Acid, karena mengandung karbondioksida (CO2) dan hidrogen sulfida (H2S).

22. apakah yang terjadi kalau seseorang kentut di planet venus ?
Planet venus sudah banyak mengandung sulfur (belerang) di lapisan udaranya, jadi kentut disana tidak akan banyak pengaruhnya.

Pembuatan MSG (Mono Sodium Glutamat)

2009-03-07T15:28:00.003+07:00

1. MSG dibuat melalui proses fermentasi dari tetes-gula (molases) oleh bakteri (Brevibacterium lactofermentum). Dalam peroses fermentasi ini, pertama-tama akan dihasilkan Asam Glutamat. Asam Glutamat yang terjadi dari proses fermentasi ini, kemudian ditambah soda (Sodium Carbonate), sehingga akan terbentuk Monosodium Glutamat (MSG). MSG yang terjadi ini, kemudian dimurnikan dan dikristalisasi, sehingga merupakan serbuk kristal-murni, yang siap di jual di pasar.

2. SEBELUM bakteri (pada Butir 1) tersebut digunakan untuk proses fermentasi pembuatan MSG, maka terlebih dahulu bakteri tersebut harus diperbanyak (dalam istilah mikrobiologi: dibiakkan atau dikultur) dalam suatu media yang disebut Bactosoytone. Proses pada Butir 2 ini dikenal sebagai proses pembiakan bakteri, dan terpisah sama-sekali (baik ruang maupun waktu) dengan proses pada Butir 1. Setelah bakteri itu tumbuh dan berbiak, maka kemudian bakteri tersebut diambil untuk digunakan sebagai agen-biologik pada proses fermentasi membuat MSG (Proses pada Butir 1).

3. Bactosoytone sebagai media pertumbuhan bakteri, dibuat tersendiri (oleh Difco Company di AS), dengan cara hidrolisis-enzimatik dari protein kedelai (Soyprotein). Dalam bahasa yang sederhana, protein-kedelai dipecah dengan bantuan enzim sehingga menghasilkan peptida rantai pendek (pepton) yang dinamakan Bactosoytone itu. Enzim yang dipakai pada proses hidrolisis inilah yang disebut Porcine, dan enzim inilah yang diisolasi dari pankreas-babi.

4. Perlu dijelaskan disini bahwa, enzim Porcine yang digunakan dalam proses pembuatan media Bactosoytone, hanya berfungsi sebagai katalis, artinya enzim tersebut hanya mempengaruhi kecepatan reaksi hidrolisis dari protein kedelai menjadi Bactosoytone, TANPA ikut masuk ke dalam struktur molekul Bactosoytone itu. Jadi Bactosoytone yang diproduksi dari proses hidrolisis-enzimatik itu, JELAS BEBAS dari unsur-unsur babi!!!, selain karena produk Bactosoytone yang terjadi itu mengalami proses "clarification" sebelum dipakai sebagai media pertumbuhan, juga karena memang unsur enzim Porcine ini tidak masuk dalam struktur molekul Bactosoytone, karena Porcine hanya sebagai katalis saja .

5. Proses clarification yang dimaksud adalah pemisahan enzim Porcine dari Bactosoytone yang terjadi. Proses ini dilakukan dengan cara pemanasan 160oF selama sekurang-kurangnya 5 jam, kemudian dilakukan filtrasi, untuk memisahkan enzim Porcine dari produk Bactosoytone-nya. Filtrat yang sudah bersih ini kemudian diuapkan, dan Bactosoytone yang terjadi diambil.

6. Perlu dijelaskan disini, bahwa proses pembuatan Media Bactosoytone ini merupakan proses yang terpisah sama sekali dengan proses pembuatan MSG. Media Bactosoytone merupakan suatu media pertumbuhan bakteri, dan dijual di pasar, tidak saja untuk bakteri pembuat MSG, tetapi juga untuk bakteri-bakteri lainnya yang digunakan untuk keperluan pembuatan produk biotek-industri lainnya.

7. Catatan: nama Bactosoytone merupakan nama dagang, yang dapat diurai sebagai berikut: Bacto adalah nama dagang dari Pabrik pembuatnya (Difco Co); Soy dari asal kata soybean:kedelai, tone, singkatan dari peptone; jadi Bactosoyton artinya pepton kedelai yang dibuat oleh pabrik Difco.

8. Setelah bakteri tersebut ditumbuhkan pada Media bactosoytone, kemudian dipindahkan ke Media Cair Starter. Media ini sama sekali tidak mengandung bactosoytone. Pada Media Cair Starter ini bakteri berbiak dan tumbuh secara cepat.

9. Kemudian, bakteri yang telah berbiak ini dimasukkan ke Media Cair Produksi, dimana bakteri ini mulai memproduksi asam glutamat; yang kemudian diubah menjadi MSG. Media Cair Produksi ini juga tidak mengandung bactosoytone.

10. Perlu dijelaskan disini bahwa bakteri penghasil MSG adalah Brevibacterium lactofermentum atau Corynebacterium glutamicum, adalah bakteri yang hidup dan berkembang pada media air. Jadi bakteri itu termasuk aqueous microorganisms.

11. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Direktorat Jenderal POM di Jakarta menunjukkan bahwa:
Bactosoytone tidak terkontaminasi (tidak tercampur) dengan Lemak babi (data Analisis Gas Chromatography); Protein babi (data Analisis HPLC), maupun DNA-babi (data Analisis PCR).
MSG tidak terkontaminasi (tidak tercampur) dengan: Lemak babi (data Analisis Gas Chromatography); Protein babi (data Analisis HPLC), maupun DNA babi (data Analisis PCR).

12. Hasil Analisis yang dilakukan di Jepang (Kyoto University) juga menunjukkan bahwa baik MSG maupun Bactosoytone tidak terkontaminasi oleh enzim babi.

KESIMPULAN:
Bactosoytone (dari Difco Co) maupun Produk MSG (Ajino moto), jelas sedikitpun tidak mengandung unsur-unsur babi, baik lemak, protein maupun DNA-babi.

Soda

2009-03-07T15:22:00.002+07:00

24 February 2008, 01:45 AM
Soda pertama kali ditemukan oleh seorang ilmuwan Inggris bernama Joseph Priestley pada tahun 1770-an, yaitu ketika ia berusaha mencampurkan air destilasi dengan gas karbondioksida (CO2). Soda mulai dikenal luas ketika ilmuwan Inggris lainnya, yaitu John Mervin Nooth menyempurnakan penemuan Joseph Priestley dan menjualnya sebagai obat. Pada tahun 1830, sebuah pabrik minuman berkarbonasi pertama kali berdiri di Amerika Serikat.

Air soda memiliki rumus kimia H2CO3. Untuk membuat air soda, komponen yang paling penting adalah air dan gas karbondioksida. Air soda memang dibuat dengan melarutkan gas karbondioksida (CO2) ke dalam air.

Sama seperti oksigen, karbondioksida merupakan gas yang banyak terdapat di alam. Karbondioksida merupakan gas yang kita keluarkan saat bernapas dan diambil oleh tanaman untuk proses fotosintesis. Bila diinjeksi ke dalam air dengan tekanan tinggi, karbondioksida akan membentuk asam karbonat. Itulah sebabnya minuman berkarbonasi disebut juga minuman berkarbonasi (carbonated beverages). Asam karbonat tersebutlah yang bertanggung jawab terhadap timbulnya sentuhan khas soda di mulut (mouthfeel) dan perasaan yang mengigit (bite) pada saat minuman berkarbonasi.diminum.

Selain itu, gas karbondioksida juga berpengaruh terhadap timbulnya efek extra sparkle, yang membedakan minuman ringan berkarbonasi dengan non-karbonasi. Extra sparkle adalah efek penampakan berkelap-kelip pada minuman. Secara praktis CO2 adalah satu-satunya gas yang paling cocok untuk memproduksi penampakan sparkle dalam minuman ringan berkarbonasi. Kelarutan gas karbondioksida sedemikan rupa, sehingga dapat bertahan dalam cairan pada suhu ruang. Jika dikocok secara perlahan, gas tersebut akan melepaskan gelembung dalam minuman.

Keberadaan karbondioksida pada minuman dapat diibaratkan seperti rempah-rempah pada makanan. Karbondioksida dapat meningkatkan citarasa pada minuman sehingga orang menikmati saat mengonsumsinya. Pada saat larut dalam air, CO2 memberikan rasa asam sehingga dapat menurunkan pH menjadi sekitar 3,2 â€“ 3,7. Rasa asam tersebut merupakan rasa khas soda yang membuat orang teringat terus akan rasanya.

Salah satu keunggulan minuman berkarbonasi adalah aman dari kontaminasi bakteri, terutama bakteri yang bersifat patogen (penyebab penyakit). Gas karbondioksida yang larut dalam air, bukan hanya menghasilkan rasa yang spesifik, tetapi juga dapat berfungsi sebagai antibakteri untuk mengawetkan minuman secara alami.

Kandungan karbondioksida di dalam minuman ringan tergantung dari jenis minumannya. Untuk minuman yang mengandung flavor imitasi, biasanya digunakan kadar karbonasi yang tinggi. Pada minuman dengan flavor buah yang mengandung gula tinggi lebih disukai kadar karbondioksida yang rendah.

Murid Kelas 1 SD Belajar Peribahasa

2009-03-02T20:41:00.002+07:00

Di kelas 1 SD Seorang guru bahasa Indonesia sedang mengajarkan pelajaran tentang peribahasa.

Guru : "Anak-anak, apa lanjutannya peribahasa ini... 'Biar lambat asal......' "

Anak-Anak: "SELAMAAAAAAT, PPPAAAAKKKK!"

Guru : "Betul.. seratus buat anak-anak, sekarang peribahasa selanjutnya 'Lain padang lain belalang.....?' "

Anak-Anak: "LAIN LUBUK LAIN IKANNYA PPPPAAAAAKKKK !!!!!"

Guru : Pinter kalian! Sekarang apa lanjutannya.... 'Guru kencing berdiri...?'

Anak-anak: "SIAPA YANG MAU LIAAAAT !!!!!!!! EMANGNYA KAMI HIDUNG BELANG...HUUUUUUUU !!!!!"

Guru : ^#^#@^$@!@%$#^$&%*%&$##!!!!

Peran Indonesia dalam Asean

2009-03-02T19:38:00.001+07:00

ASEAN adalah kerjasama regional antar negara Asia Tenggara

kerjasama itu di bidang ekonomi, politik, pariwisata, pertahanan dan keamanan, pendidikan dan sosial budaya

*Peranan Asean dalam Ekonomi
Indonesia menjadi tempat pembuatan pupuk se-ASEAN, tepatnya di Aceh yg nantinya akan digunakan negara-negara ASEAN, otomatis Indonesia mendapatkan keuntungan dan juga bisa mengurangi pengangguran di indonesia

*Peranan ASEAN dalam bidang politik
Dengan Indonesia mengikuti kerjasama regional seperti ini maka akan lebih dihormati negara lain, seperti halnya kerjasama regional yg di eropa ataupun timur tengah, lebih-lebih kalau ASEAN kuat di mata Internasional (sayangnya di Internasional ASEAN kurang dipandang)

*Peranan dalam bidang Pariwisata
Dalam pariwisata negara ASEAN sangat subur, terutama Singapura, Thailand, Malaysia dan Indonesia.... dan rata-rata pengunjung pariwisata di negara ASEAN adalah warga negara anggota ASEAN lainnya, contohnya Jogja yg rata-rata touristnya adalah tourist malaysia, begitu jg dg Singapura yg rata-rata touristnya adalah org Indonesia dan Malaysia.

*Peranan ASEAN dalam bidang Pertahanan dan Keamanan
AL-TNI sering melakukan latihan bersama dengan Singapura sehingga akan membuktikan pada dunia bahwa militer Indonesia masih kuat,.... dan Indonesiapun melakukan perjanjian Ekstradisi di semua negara ASEAN, walaupun agak lama untuk mendekati Singapura....

*Peranan dalam bidang pendidikan, Sosial dan Budaya
Indonesia sering melakukan pertukaran mahasiswa dengan negara ASEAN lainnya seperti Singapura dan Malaysia, begitu juga dengan pementasan karya seninya....

Tangan Yesus Sembuhkan Papi dan Keluarga Kami

2009-02-25T08:00:00.010+07:00

Papi dirawat di Rumah Sakit I

"Papi sakit stroke dan dirawat di rumah sakit Elisabet ruang LUKAS 5"!! Begitu kata kakak perempuanku memberi tahu aku melalui SMS. Aku terdiam sejenank dan tak mampu berkata apa-apa atau membalas SMS kakakku... Papiku masuk rumah sakit?? bagaimana mungkin?? Papiku yang biasanya senang jalan-jalan dan beraktifitas, tiba-tiba di rawat inap di RS Elisabeth??
Aku merasa shoock dan tak habis pikir kenapa bisa terjadi...??? lalu aku datang ke rumah sakit untuk menjenguk Papiku, untung saja keadaannya tidak seburuk yang aku bayangkan, aku menangis dalam hati melihat keadaan Papiku. aku tak ingin terlihat cengeng di hadapan Papiku, sebab aku anak laki-laki. Dalam hati aku bergumam, lalu bagaimana dengan biaya rumah sakit??? Meskipun kami bertiga sudah pada bekerja tetapi apakah mungkin uang kami bertiga cukup untuk membayar semua biaya rumah sakit ini???

Namun aku melihat senyuman Mamiku yang seolah berkata "semuanya akan baik-baik saja anakku", seperti biasa Mamiku selalu memiliki cara untuk menenangkan ketiga anak-anaknya...Dia bilang, "sudah tidak usah dipikir...Tuhan ada di sekitar kita, dia melihat dan dia mengarahkan tanga-NYA untuk membantu kita...
Aku bingung, apa yang dikatakan oleh Mamiku ini??? mengapa dia bisa begitu tenang menghadapi ini semua??? yang mungkin kebanyakan orang akan bingung, bahkan frustasi...

Tuhan itu baik, Dia memberikan Malaikat bagi seluruh umat manusia dan malaikat itu berupa sahabat kita di Bumi. sayapnya melingkupi kita dan kasihnya menyembuhkan kita, Oh Tuhan sungguh baik...
Tuhan mengirimkan penolong bagi Papiku melalui sahabatnya, sehingga kami semua tidak kesusahan dalam membayar biaya RS yang begitu besar...

Papiku dirawat di RS 5 hari lamanya mulai tanggal 19- 24 Desember 2008. Keadaan berangsur baik Papiku telah dapat mengikuti Misa malam Natal di Wilayah kami. Aku tersenyum sejenak... oh, Tuhan Ajaib kiranya karya-Mu.....aku memuji-Mu atas semua yang terjadi dalam hidupku. Hidup berjalan normal kembali...

Papi Masuk Sumah Sakit untuk kedua kalinya

Tepat 1 bulan setelah Papiku pulang dari rumah sakit, keadaan Papiku memburuk kembali, Ia sering muntah-muntah dan tidak ada nafsu makan bahkan Papiku tidak ingin minum obat sama sekali, keluarga kami goncang lagi di terpa badai... Mami, dan kedua kakakku memperparah keadaan dengan menurunkan mental Papiku dan memaksanya untuk makan... hal itu cukup baik bagi mereka, tapi bagi aku dan Papiku???tidak sama sakali.... aku menangis dalam diamku, ku ambil Rosario Kakakku, aku mencium tangan Papiku sebelum aku berangkat bekerja, aku berkata, "untuk Papiku tiada yang mustahil, dia pasti sembuh!!!!" aku menangis di jalanan, sambil berdoa," Tuhan aku percaya Engkau mendengar doaku".
Pukul 09.00 Tanggal 22 Januari 2009. Papiku dirawat di Rumah Sakit Elisabeth Ruang Fransiskus 4 .

Sampailah aku di tempat kerja, lalu aku membuka komputer dan merasa ada yang mendorongku untuk membuka sebuah situs http://www.kaskus.us/showthread.php?s=d465f1b730c6af1376aa1cf2a3d26ff4&t=947642, saat pertama kali aku melihatnya dan membaca isinya, mataku tak sanggup lagi untuk membaca karena rasa ngantuk yang luar biasa, namun aku berkata dalam hati bahwa Tuhan ingin mengatakan sesuatu melalui situs ini... aku terus membacanya sampai pada sebuah halaman yang mengatakan bahwa Tuhan adalah penyembuh, di surga dia memiliki Gudang penyembuh yang dikhususnya kepada setiap anak-anakNya yang meminta atas nama-Nya untuk menyembuhkan segala penyakit yang ada di Bumi.

Aku merasa di berkati karena Tuhan memberikan semuanya itu bagi kita hanya dengan percaya atas nama-Nya dan percaya bahwa Tuhan sendiri ingin dekat dengan Putra-putriNya yang ada di Bumi.
Saat itu juga aku berdoa dan menitikkan air mata...mengakui betapa besar kasih-Nya bagi manusia dan juga aku dan keluargaku...

Mukjizat Sedang Terjadi

Aku dan kakak perempuanku pergi menjenguk Papiku setelah aku pulang kerja, aku melihat keadaannya yang sangat berbeda pada saat pertama kali Papiku dirawat di Rumah Sakit, ternyata Papiku lebih kurus dari yang aku bayangkan, dia berbaring lemah, lagi - lagi aku menangis dalam hati, aku dekati dirinya dan berkata, "Papi aku punya berita bagus buat papi"
Papiku terhenyak kaget dan bertanya dengan lirih, "apa?"
Papi...Tuhan sayang dan cinta sama Papi, Papi percaya ga?? Tuhan hadir disini bersama malaikat-malaikatNya.... Dia ingin supaya kita berdoa kepadaNya....

Seketika itu aku meraih tanganNya sembari menggenggam Rosario yang aku bawa dari Rumah!!! dengan dorongan roh aku bersaksi panjang lebar berkata mengenai semua apa yang telah aku baca sebelumnya....
lalu kami semua berdoa....
Seketika itu kami semua bergandengan tangan bersama-sama dalam doa dan tak terasa tangisan kami begitu keras dan bahasa roh yang bertubi-tubi menerpaku... dalam kepenuhan kepercayaanku bahwa Papiku pasti sembuh...
Setelah semua itu terjadi, tak lupa aku meminta maaf kepada orang tuaku atas segala salah dan khilafku kepada mereka semua....
tak pernah terpikir bagiku aku dapat meminta maaf kepada mereka, karena bagi setiap orang / anak yang ingin meminta maaf kepada orang tua sangat sulit, entah karena apa??? namun dengan dorongan roh kudus ada maksud tersembunyi (yang akan di ungkapkan kelak oleh Allah)
Akhirnya aku dapat meminta maaf kepada orang tuaku, kamipun pamit hendak pulang kembali ke rumah, sedangkan Ibu masih menunggui Papi dan selalu begitu...

Kami sekeluarga percaya Tuhan pasti mengabulkan doa kami yang dengan sungguh-sungguh memohon untuk kesembuhan bagi Papi kami.

2 hari setelahnya aku melihat keadaan papi kembali ternyata tidak kunjung membaik, dan dia di pindah di Ruang Vincent 8, untuk ketiga kalinya aku menangis dalam hati, dan berkata dalam hati,"Tuhan apa Engkau mendengar doaku???".
Namun, aku masih tetap berdoa dan mempersembahkan seluruh doaku untuk kesembuhan Papiku.
pada tanggal 31 Januari 2009 Papi sudah boleh pulang, dengan keadaan di rumah yang tidak terlalu baik, karena Rumah sedang di bangun, maka kami mengungsikan Papi ke tempat yang lebih bersih dan nyaman... di sana Papiku di pulihkan, berangsur-angsur keadaan menjadi baik, beberapa hari setelahnya Papi sudah dapat berjalan dan beraktifitas kembali....

Sungguh Tuhan itu baik... dan Sabarlah ketika merasa doa anda belum di kabulkan, karena Tuhan melihat seberapa tebal Iman kita kepadaNya... dan mendidik kita untuk tetap tegar, apapun yang terjadi

GBU

Ajari aku meyakinkanmu

2009-02-17T12:04:00.003+07:00

detik-detik kian berlalu
nafas tak henti menderu
amarahku kian bisu
lihat tatapan cintamu

kau bertanya apakah aku cinta dia???
kujawab dari lubuk hatiku
TIDAK!!!
air matamu meleleh dipipi

'kau bilang jangan dekati aku'
kusentuh pipimu dan berkata
cintaku tulus untukmu
hanya buat kamu

tiada kata, senyumpun tidak
hanya tangismu mendera batinku
bagaimana aku harus meyakinkanmu?
apa yang harus kulakukan demi cinta ini?
apa yang terjadi jika aku tanpa kau?

Bisik lembut terucap dari bibir manismu
putuskan saja aku....??
…......................

hela nafas kiranya putus ditengah jalan
habislah hidupku
habislah semua

dia cintaku
dia sayangku
dia hidupku

dia melihatku tajam
seakan ingin membunuhku

bunuh saja aku, kataku dalam diam
aku tak berarti kini tanpamu

sejenak aku berpikir benarkah dia cinta aku???
namun tatapnya kosong
dan buatku serasa sendiri di padang gurun keraguan

sesungguhnya ingin kukatakan

ajari aku meyakinkanmu...???

Sebuah Cinta

2009-02-17T12:01:00.006+07:00

pelangi hadir pagi ini
menyapa hari yang ingin kujalani
secercah mentari hangatkan diri
kala dekapan lembutmu hadir pagi ini

kau hadir layaknya nafas yang ku hirup
beriku hidup dan ada dalam diriku
dirimulah yang ada di hatiku
slalu...

nafasmu biaskan anganku dengan kesungguhan cintamu
adakah kiranya gadis seperti engkau lagi di hidupku
kurasa tidak...
dan cukuplah engkau di hidupku

kaulah hidupku
kaulah nafasku
hanya engkaulah cinta
dan dirumu adalah cintaku

Gauli dunkZ

2009-02-05T11:40:00.002+07:00

Suatu hari seorang pemuda bernama Yetiva pergi ke sebuah salon di pusat perbelanjaan di Jakarta..

Resepsionis: "Mau ngapain mas??"

Yetiva: "Saya mau gunting rambut mbak"

Resepsionis: "Ohh silahkan menunggu sebentar"

Stelah menunggu beberapa lama..

Yetiva: (Sudah duduk dan siap untuk digunting rambutnya)

Tukang Gunting: "Oh iya mas mau digunting model apa?"

Yetiva: "Saya ingin mbak gauli saya!?" (dengan pedenya sambil menyisir sedikit rambut kebelakang dengan jari)

Tukang Gunting: "Lho...lho... kok begini, Jadi orang yang bener donk mas???"

Yetiva: "Iya mbak gauli saya kok repot amat gak bisa ya?

Tukang gunting: "Enak aja!!!... Mas tau kan ini tempat apa? mikir donk mas!!!!"

Yetiva: Mbak tuh yang gak bisa mikir, niat usaha gak sih? inikan tempat gunting rambut, disuruh guntingin rambut model yang gaul aja repot.

Tukang gunting: "Hehehehe... maaf mas, saya kira gauli apaan..."

Nenek

2009-02-05T11:05:00.003+07:00

Anto, seorang anak yang masih SD,menanyai neneknya yang tinggal di rumah reot.

Anto : "Nek,seandainya saat ini ada perang dan rumah ini sudah terkena rudal. Apakah nenek merasa sedih?"

Nenek: "Nenek justru merasa senang!"

Anto : "Loh,kenapa nek?"

Nenek: "Harga rumah ini kalau dijual paling ratusan ribu saja. Harga rudalkan milyaran rupiah. Jadi, nenek malah untung. Yang rugi kan musuh!

Anto : ???!!!???

Biksu dan Pangeran

2009-02-05T11:02:00.005+07:00

Seorang biksu diperintah oleh raja untuk mendampingi sang pangeran ke hutan untuk berburu rusa.

Selama berburu bidikan panah sang pangeran selalu tdak mengenai sasaran, sang pangeran sangat geram dan tanpa ia sadari ia berkata kasar "bangsat bidikanku meleset!!"

"Husss!" kata si biksu

"Pangeran tidak boleh berkata kasar, apa pangeran tidak takut pada dewa petir yang selalu menghukum orang-orang yang berbicara kasar :@ ".

"Persetan dengan dewa petir, pokoknya hari ini aku harus pulang dengan membawa hasil buruanku". Jawab sang pangeran sambil membidik seekor rusa buruannya.

Tapi memang hari itu pangeran sedang sial, bidikannya meleset lagi dan tentunya sang pangeran makin marah "bangsat.. bidikanku meleset lagi".

Sang biksu kembali menasehati sang pangeran, tapi kali ini dengan dibarengi ancaman "kalo sekali lagi pangeran bekata kotor maka saya tidak akan segan memohon pada dewa petir untuk menghukum pangeran" kata biksu yang mulai marah karena nasehatnya ngga digubris oleh sang pangeran.
Mendengar ancaman sang biksu, sang pangeran malah merasa tertantang "bangsat..bangsat...bangsat..bangsat.. Ayo,mana dewa petirmu..mana?".

Sang biksupun lansung berdoa, meminta dewa petir untuk menghukum sang pangeran yang mulai lancang, dan tiba-tiba langit mendung... angin bertiup sangat kencang..... entah dari mana datangnya tiba-tiba

"DHUUUUAAAAAAARRR...AR....AR....AR" petir menyambar, tapi aneh.. petir itu menyambar sang biksu, padahal ia sama sekali nggak pernah berkata kasar.

Sang pangeran berdiri disamping mayat biksu yang gosong karena tersambar petir, dan bertanya pada dewa petir
"wahai dewa petir, aku yang berbicara kasar tapi kenapa biksu ini yang engkau sambar".
Dewa petir menjawab "Bangsat..bidikanku meleset".

Penemu Bom Atom

2009-02-05T09:47:00.003+07:00

Melalui Bom Atom, Julius Robert Oppenheimer Merubah Sejarah Dunia

Salah jika kita berpendapat bahwa penemu bom atom adalah Albert Einstein. Penemu bom atom yang sesungguhnya bernama Julius Robert Oppenheim kelahiran New York City, 22 April 1904.

Julius Robert Oppenheimer lahir dan besar di New York City. Ketika menimba ilmu, dia sangat menyukai pelajaran bahasa, matematika dan ilmu pengetahuan. Di antara teman-teman sekolahnya, Oppenheimer yang paling tekun belajar, terutama di bidang bahasa. Dia tak sekedar mempelajarinya saja tapi juga berusaha keras untuk fasih mengucapkan serta membaca tulisannya. Kebiasaan ini membuahkan hasil cemerlang. Pada tahun 1925 atau setelah lulus dari Harvard University,
Oppenheimer mulus melanjutkan studinya di Cambridge University Inggris, lalu beralih ke Gottingen Jerman guna mengejar gelar PhD. Selama di Gottingen yang saat itu merupakan pusat pengembangan mekanika kuantum, Oppenheimer mendapat bimbingan dari Max Born sampai mendapat gelar PhD (tahun 1927). Setelah lulus ia pulang kampung, 2 tahun kemudian berturut-turut Oppenheimer mendirikan sekolah fisika teoretis di Institut Teknologi California dan Universitas Berkeley.

Tahun 1930-an menjadi awal keterlibatan Oppenheimer dalam dunia fisika atom dan nuklir. Oppenheimer secara jelas menyumbangkan pemikirannya karena ia menentang kebangkitan kekuasaan fasisme pada era itu. Apalagi di tahun 1939, Amerika mengetahui kalau Jerman berhasil memisahkan inti atom dan mengembangkannya menjadi senjata luar biasa. Maka, untuk menandingi kekuatan Jerman itu, tahun 1941 Presiden Roosevelt membentuk Proyek Manhattan dan menunjuk Julius Robert Oppenheimer sebagai direkturnya.

Dalam melaksanakan tugasnya, Oppenheimer mengembangkan bom atom berikut senjata lain di markas penelitian Los Alamos, New Mexico. Penelitian lain juga berlangsung di Columbia University, University of Chicago, dan Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Saat penelitian, Oppenheimer mengundang para ahli fisika papan atas. Mereka diajak bekerjasama membuat bom atom. Dari sekian banyak ahli fisika yang hadir, akhirnya terpilih 3000 orang untuk dijadikan satu tim yang diketuai Oppenheimer.

Tanggal 16 Juli 1945 atau setelah 3 tahun bekerja keras melakukan penelitian, Oppenheimer menyaksikan uji coba ledakan bom atom pertama di gurun New Mexico. Banyak orang menilai, ledakan itu bakal merubah sejarah dunia untuk selamanya. Terbukti, selang sebulan setelah uji coba ledakan, dua bom atom menghanguskan Hirosima dan Nagasaki, membunuh ratusan ribu orang. Keadaan ini membuat Jepang harus menyerah dan mundur dari PD II pada tanggal 10 Agustus 1945. Meski dikecam kejam karena telah membunuh ratusan ribu jiwa, bom atom temuan Oppenheimer tetap memiliki dampak positif, karena mampu mengakhiri PD II yang sudah berlangsung lama.

Ketika perang usai, Oppenheimer tetap aktif dalam bidang ini. Ia pun terpilih sebagai ketua Komisi Energi Atom Amerika Serikat. Sayang Oppenheimer tak mulus, ini berkaitan dengan sikapnya yang menentang pengembangan bom hydrogen kekuatannya lebih dahsyat dari bom atom. Oppenheimer dianggap berkhianat,ia pun di adili pada tahun 1953. Meski tidak terbukti bersalah, perlindungan keamanan dan kontraknya sebagai penasehat bagi Komisi Energi Atom tetap dicabut. Tak patah arang, Oppenheimer tetap berkarir dan bersemangat. Dia melanjutkan karirnya sebagai pendidik pada “the academic post of director of the Institute of Advanced Study at Princeton University”. Puncaknya di tahun 1963, Presiden Lyndon B. Johnson menyerahkan penghargaan “Enrico Fermi Award” dari Komisi Energi Atom. Tiga tahun setelah menerima penghargaan itu, Julius Robert Oppenheimer harus pensiun karena terkena kanker tenggorokan. Tahun 1967 ia meninggal dalam usia 63 tahun.

Melalui bom atom, Julius Robert Oppenheimer merubah sejarah dunia untuk selamanya.

Cloud

2009-02-05T09:38:00.008+07:00

Condensation

As air parcels cool due to expansion of the rising air mass, water vapor begins to condense on condensation nuclei such as dust, ice, and salt. This process forms clouds. Sometimes, an elevated portion of a frontal zone forced broad areas of lift, which form clouds decks such as altostratus or cirrostratus. Stratus is a stable cloud deck which tends to form when a cool stable air mass is trapped underneath a warm air mass. It can also form due to the lifting of advection fog during breezy conditions. Clouds can also be formed due to lifting over mountains and other topography.

Classification of clouds

Clouds are divided into two general categories: layered and convective. These are named distinguish the cloud's altitude. Clouds are classified by the cloud base height, not the cloud top. This system was proposed by Luke Howard in 1802 in a presentation to the Askesian Society.

High clouds (Family A)

* Cirrocumulus
* Cirrus cloud
* Cirrostratus

Middle clouds (Family B)

* Altostratus
* Altocumulus

Low clouds (Family C)

These are found up to 2,000 m (6,500 feet) and include the stratus (dense and grey). When stratus clouds contact the ground, they are called fog.

Clouds in Family C include:

* Cumulus[2] (Cu)
o Cumulus humilis
o Cumulus mediocris
* Stratocumulus (Sc)
* Nimbostratus (Ns)
* Stratus (St)

A cumulus cloudscape over Swifts Creek, Victoria, Australia

Vertical clouds (Family D)
A typical anvil shaped Cumulonimbus incus

These clouds can have strong up-currents, rise far above their bases and form at many heights.

Clouds in Family D include:

* Cumulonimbus (associated with heavy precipitation and thunderstorms) (Cb)
o Cumulonimbus calvus
o Cumulonimbus incus
o Cumulonimbus with mammatus
* Cumulus (Cu)[3][4]
o Cumulus congestus
* Pyrocumulus

Mammatus cloud formations

Other clouds
Lenticular cloud over Wyoming.

A few clouds can be found above the troposphere; these include noctilucent and polar stratospheric clouds (or nacreous clouds), which occur in the mesosphere and stratosphere respectively.

Some clouds form as a consequence of interactions with specific geographical features. Perhaps the strangest geographically-specific cloud in the world is Morning Glory, a rolling cylindrical cloud which appears unpredictably over the Gulf of Carpentaria in Northern Australia. Associated with a powerful "ripple" in the atmosphere, the cloud may be "surfed" in glider aircraft.

Cloud fields

A cloud field is simply a group of clouds but sometimes cloud fields can take on certain shapes that have their own characteristics and are specially classified. Stratocumulus clouds can often be found in the following forms:

* Actinoform, which resembles a leaf or a spoked wheel.
* Closed cell, which is cloudy in the center and clear on the edges, similar to a filled honeycomb.
* Open cell, which resembles a honeycomb, with clouds around the edges and clear, open space in the middle.

Colors
Cloud iridescence occurring in clouds.
Rain clouds over the North Sea taken from the coast of Herne Bay, Kent
Sunset in Lynnwood, Washington

The color of a cloud, as seen from the Earth, tells much about what is going on inside the cloud. Clouds form when relatively warm air containing water vapor is lighter than its surrounding air and this causes it to rise. As it rises it cools and the vapor condenses out of the air as micro-droplets. These tiny particles of water are relatively densely packed and sunlight cannot penetrate far into the cloud before it is reflected out, giving a cloud its characteristic white color. As a cloud matures, the droplets may combine to produce larger droplets, which may combine to form droplets large enough to fall as rain. In this process of accumulation, the space between droplets becomes larger and larger, permitting light to penetrate much farther into the cloud. If the cloud is sufficiently large and the droplets within are spaced far enough apart, it may be that a percentage of the light which enters the cloud is not reflected back out before it is absorbed (Think of how much farther one can see in a heavy rain as opposed to how far one can see in a heavy fog). This process of reflection/absorption is what leads to the range of cloud color from white through grey through black. For the same reason, the undersides of large clouds and heavy overcasts appear various degrees of grey; little light is being reflected or transmitted back to the observer.

Other colours occur naturally in clouds. Bluish-grey is the result of light scattering within the cloud. In the visible spectrum, blue and green are at the short end of light's visible wavelengths, while red and yellow are at the long end. The short rays are more easily scattered by water droplets, and the long rays are more likely to be absorbed. The bluish color is evidence that such scattering is being produced by rain-sized droplets in the cloud.

A greenish tinge to a cloud is produced when sunlight is scattered by ice. A cumulonimbus cloud which shows green is an imminent sign of heavy rain, hail, strong winds and possible tornadoes.

Yellowish clouds are rare but may occur in the late spring through early fall months during forest fire season. The yellow color is due to the presence of smoke.

Red, orange and pink clouds occur almost entirely at sunrise/sunset and are the result of the scattering of sunlight by the atmosphere. The clouds are not that color; they are reflecting the long (and unscattered) rays of sunlight which are predominant at those hours. The effect is much the same as if one were to shine a red spotlight on a white sheet. In combination with large, mature thunderheads this can produce blood-red clouds.

Clouds and climate

See also: Cloud cover

Understanding the role of clouds in regulating both weather and climate is at an early stage, and remains a critical unknown factor in predicting the extent of global warming.

Global brightening
In mountainous areas one often finds the peaks above the clouds as seen here with the Piz Bernina in the Swiss Alps.

New research From Dimming to Brightening: Decadal Changes in Solar Radiation at Earth's Surface by Martin Wild et al. (Science 6 May 2005; 308: 847-850) indicates global brightening trend.

Global brightening is caused by decreased amounts of particulate matter in the atmosphere. With less particulate matter there is less surface area for condensation to occur. Since there's less condensation in the atmosphere and increased evaporation caused by increasing amounts of sunlight striking the water's surface there is more moisture, causing fewer but thicker clouds.

Bacteria in clouds

Bacteria that live in clouds may have evolved the ability to promote rainstorms as a way to disperse themselves. These microbes -- called ice nucleators -- are found in rain, snow, and hail throughout the world, according to Brent Christner, a microbiologist at Louisiana State University. These bacteria may be part of a constant feedback between terrestrial ecosystems and clouds. They may rely on the rainfall to spread to new habitats, much as plants rely on windblown pollen grains, Christner said. [5]

Clouds on other planets

Main article: Extraterrestrial atmospheres

Within our solar system, any planet or moon with an atmosphere also has clouds. Venus' clouds are composed entirely of sulfuric acid droplets. Mars has high, thin clouds of water ice. Both Jupiter and Saturn have an outer cloud deck composed of ammonia clouds, an intermediate deck of ammonium hydrosulfide clouds and an inner deck of water clouds. Uranus and Neptune have atmospheres dominated by methane clouds.

Saturn's moon Titan has clouds which are believed to be composed largely of droplets of liquid methane. The Cassini-Huygens Saturn mission has uncovered evidence of a fluid cycle on Titan, including lakes near the poles and fluvial channels on the surface of the moon.